Lista över Yuandynastins kejsare
Lista över Yuandynastins kejsare avser de sexton kejsare som regerade den mongol-kinesiska Yuandynastin (1271–1368). Alla kejsare tillhörde klanen Borjiginerna och bar klannamnet Borjigin. Listan innefattar även de khaner av mongolväldet från 1206 och senare som postumt fått titeln kejsare av Yuandynastin, vilket var de som regerade före Khubilai khan (r. 1260-1294).[1]
År 1206 lyckades Temujin Borjigin ena de mongoliska stammarna och utropade sig till Djingis khan över mongolväldet. Mongolerna gjorde flera invasionskampanjer både åt väster, öster och söder vilket resulterade i ett av världshistoriens största imperium. 1279 var även den kinesiska Songdynastin slutligen erövrad, och redan 1271 hade Djingis khans sonson Khubilai khan grundat Yuandynastin som snart regerade hela Kina.[2][3]
Tre av Yuandynastins kejsare tillsattes som regenter när de var barn; Irinjibal khan som sexåring, Aragibag khan som åttaåring och Toghon Temür när han var ungefär 13. Äldst av kejsaren blev Khubilai khan som avled som 78-åring följt av Djingis khan som blev 65 år. Längst regeringstid som kejsare hade Toghon Temür som regerade nästan 35 år följt av Khubilai khan som regerade nästan 34 år. Kortast regeringstid hade Irinjibal khan som innehade tronen i 53 dagar och Aragibag khan med ungefär två månader följt av Khoshila khan som regerade i sex månader.
Från 1350-talet började riket falla sönder utanför huvudstaden. Den fattiga bondsonen Zhu Yuanzhang gjorde en extrem klassresa efter att blivit rebelledare och tog makten över Nanjing varefter han 1367 gjorde klart att han hade för avsikt att bli kejsare. År 1368 flydde den sista mongoliska kejsaren Toghon Temür tillbaka till det mongoliska kärnområdet i norr, och Zhu Yuanzhang utropade sig som kejsar Hongwu och grundade Mingdynastin (1368–1644).[2][3]
Kejsare
| Nr | Porträtt | Khannamn *Födelseår[4] †Död år[4] | Tempelnamn[4] | Regeringstid[4] | Personnamn[4] | Postum titel[4] | Regeringsperiod[5] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khaner innan Yuandynastin bildades: | |||||||
| 1 |  | Djingis khan *1162 †1227 | Taizu 太祖 | 1206 ↓ 1227 | Temujin Borjigin | Kejsar Shengwu 圣武帝 | existerade inte |
| 2 |  | Tolui *1193 †1232 | Ruizong 睿宗 | 1228 ↓ 1229 | Tolui Borjigin | Kejsar Jingxiang 景襄帝 | existerade inte |
| 3 |  | Ögödei *1186 †1241 | Taizong 太宗 | 1229 ↓ 1241 | Ogedei Borjigin | Kejsar Yingwen 英文帝 | existerade inte |
| 4 |  | Güyük khan *1206 †1248 | Dingzong 定宗 | 1246 ↓ 1248[5] | Guyuk Borjigin | Kejsar Jinping 简平帝 | existerade inte |
| 5 |  | Möngke *1209 †1259 | Xianzong 宪宗 | 1251 ↓ 1259[5] | Mongke Borjigin | Kejsar Huansu 桓肃帝 | existerade inte |
| Khaner efter att Yuandynastin bildades: | |||||||
| 6 |  | Khubilai khan *1215 †1294 | Shizu 世祖 | 1260[a] ↓ 1294 | Kublai Borjigin | Kejsar Shengde 圣德帝 | Zhongtong 中統 1260–1263 Zhiyuan 至元 1264–1294 |
| 7 |  | Temür khan *1265 †1307 | Chengzong 成宗 | 1294 ↓ 1307 | Temür Borjigin | Kejsar Qinming 钦明帝 | Yuanzhen 元貞 1295–1296 Dade 大德 1297–1307 |
| 8 |  | Külüg khan *1281 †1311 | Wuzong 武宗 | 1307 ↓ 1311 | Khaishan Borjigin | Kejsar Xuanxiao 宣孝帝 | Zhida 至大 1308–1311 |
| 9 |  | Buyantu khan *1285 †1320 | Renzong 仁宗 | 1311 ↓ 1320 | Ayurparibhadra Borjigin | Kejsar Qinxiao 欽孝帝 | Huangqing 皇庆 1312–1313 Yanyou 延祐 1314–1320 |
| 10 | .svg) | Shidebala khan *1303 †1323 | Yingzong 英宗 | 1320 ↓ 1323 | Shidebala Borjigin | Kejsar Wenxiao 文孝帝 | Zhizhi 至治 1321–1323 |
| 11 | | Yesun Temür khan *1293 †1328 | existerade inte | 1323 ↓ 1328 | Yesun Temür Borjigin | Kejsar Taiding 泰定帝 | Taiding 泰定 1324–1327 Zhihe 致和 1328 |
| 12 | | Aragibag khan *1320 †1328[b][6][7] | existerade inte | 1328 | Arigaibag Borjigin | Kejsar Tianshun 天順帝 | Tianshun 天順 1328 |
| 13 |  | Tugh Temür khan *1304 †1332 | Wenzong 文宗 | 1328[c] ↓ 1332 | Tugh Temür Borjigin | Kejsar Yuanxiao 元孝帝 | Tianli 天曆 1328–1329 Zhishun 至順 1330–1332 |
| 14 | | Khoshila khan *1300 †1329 | Mingzong 明宗 | 1329[c] | Kusala Borjigin | Kejsar Jingxiao 景孝帝 | Tianli 天曆 1328–1329 |
| 15 |  | Irinjibal khan *1326 †1332 | Ningzong 宁宗 | 1332[6] | Rinchinbal Borjigin | Kejsar Sixiao 嗣孝帝 | Zhishun 至順 1330–1332 |
| 16 | | Toghon Temür *1320 †1370 | Huizong[5] 惠宗 | 1333 ↓ 1368 | Toghun Temür Borjigin | Kejsar Shun 順帝 | Yuantong 元統 1333–1334 Zhiyuan 至元 1335–1430 Zhizheng 至正 1341–1368/1370 |
Tidslinje
Tidslinje över Yuandynastins kejsare där kejsarens hela livstid visualiseras med grön stapel och hans regeringstid markeras med röd stapel. De vertikala linjerna markerar mongolväldet grundande 1206, Yuandynastins grundande 1271 och dynastins fall 1368.[4][6]
Släktträd
Släktträd över Yuandynastins kejsare. Årtalen under namnen är regeringstiden, alternativt livstiden för personer som inte var kejsare. Gula rutor symboliserar att personen var kejsare. Gråa rutor symboliserar khanat där arvtagare regerat.[8][6][9]
| Yesüchej (†1171)  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nr 1 Djingis khan (r. 1206–1227) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jochi (†1227)  | Tjagatai khan (†1242)  | Nr 3 Ögödei (r. 1229–1241) | Nr 2 Tolui (r. 1228–1229) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Batu (†1255)  | Khaner över Tjagataikhanatet  | Nr 4 Güyük khan (r. 1246–1248) | Nr 5 Möngke (r. 1251–1259) | Nr 6 Khubilai khan (r. 1260–1294) | Hülegü (†1265)  | Arik Boke (*1219–†1266)  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Khaner över Gyllene horden  | Timur Lenk (†1405)  | Prins Zhenjin (*1243–†1285) | Khaner över Ilkhanatet  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kammala (*1263–†1302) | Darmabala (*1264–†1293) | Nr 7 Temür khan (r. 1294–1307) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nr 11 Yesun Temür khan (r. 1323–1328) | Nr 8 Külüg khan (r. 1307–1311) | Nr 9 Buyantu khan (r. 1311–1320) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nr 12 Aragibag khan (r. 1328) | Nr 14 Khoshila khan (r. 1329) | Nr 13 Tugh Temür khan (r. 1328–1332) | Nr 10 Shidebala khan (r. 1320–1323) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nr 15 Irinjibal khan (r. 1332) | Nr 16 Toghon Temür (r. 1333–1368) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Se även
- Lista över Kinas kejsare
- Yuandynastin
- Mongolväldet
Referenser
Anmärkningar
- ^ Från 1271 var Khubilai khan kejsare av Yuandynastin.
- ^ Aragibag khan försvann i oktober 1328 när rebeller intog Xanadu och han blev sannolikt mördad.
- ^ [a b] Khoshila khan regerade från februari till augusti 1329.
Noter
- ^ ”Political History of the Yuan Dynasty 元 (1279-1368)” (på engelska). ChinaKnowledge.de. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Yuan/yuan-event.html. Läst 20 januari 2016.
- ^ [a b] Hägerdal, Hans (2012). ”Mongolernas välde”. Kinas historia. Historiska media. sid. 137–147. ISBN 978-91-87031-24-3
- ^ [a b] Hägerdal, Hans (2012). ”Ming. Stabilitet och despotism”. Kinas historia. Historiska media. sid. 149–150. ISBN 978-91-87031-24-3
- ^ [a b c d e f g] Ji, Yang (2006). ”Mausoleum of Qing Genghis”. Imperial mausoleums of China. China National Art Photograph Publishing House. sid. 94-95. ISBN 7-80069-732-0
- ^ [a b c d] ”Emperors of the Yuan Dynasty 元 (1279-1368)” (på engelska). ChinaKnowledge.de. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Yuan/yuan-rulers.html. Läst 20 januari 2016.
- ^ [a b c d] Mote, F.W. (2003). ”Mongol emperors of the Yuan Dynasty” (på engelska). Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press. sid. 468. ISBN 0674012127. https://books.google.se/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&lpg=PR8&dq=Imperial%20China%20900-1800%20M%C3%B6ngke%20Khan%20and%20the%20Third%20Campaign%20to%20the%20West&hl=sv&pg=PA468#v=onepage&q&f=false. Läst 13 januari 2016
- ^ Mote, F.W. (2003). ”Kublai Khan's Successors, 1294–1370” (på engelska). Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press. sid. 471. ISBN 0674012127. https://books.google.se/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&lpg=PR8&dq=Imperial%20China%20900-1800%20M%C3%B6ngke%20Khan%20and%20the%20Third%20Campaign%20to%20the%20West&hl=sv&pg=PA468#v=onepage&q&f=false. Läst 13 januari 2016
- ^ Hägerdal, Hans (2012). ”Storkhaner av Yuandynastin”. Kinas historia. Historiska media. sid. 148. ISBN 978-91-87031-24-3
- ^ Mote, F.W. (2003). ”Chinggis Khan's lineage to 1294” (på engelska). Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press. sid. 415. ISBN 0674012127. https://books.google.se/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&lpg=PR8&dq=Imperial%20China%20900-1800%20M%C3%B6ngke%20Khan%20and%20the%20Third%20Campaign%20to%20the%20West&hl=sv&pg=PA415#v=onepage&q&f=false. Läst 13 januari 2016
Tryckta källor
- Ji, Yang (2006). Imperial mausoleums of China. China National Art Photograph Publishing House. ISBN 7-80069-732-0
- Hägerdal, Hans (2012). Kinas historia. Historiska media. ISBN 978-91-87031-24-3
- Mote, F.W. (2003) (på engelska). Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674012127. http://www.amazon.com/Imperial-China-900-1800-F-Mote/dp/0674012127
- Brook, Timothy (2013) (på engelska). The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Belknap Press. ISBN 0674072537. http://www.amazon.com/The-Troubled-Empire-Dynasties-Imperial/dp/0674072537
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Media som används på denna webbplats
Tolui Khan.jpg
Tolui Khan.
Tolui Khan.
Brown-glazed Jar with Design of Three Fish. Yuan Dynasty. Excavated from Hancheng City.jpg
Författare/Upphovsman: John Hill, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Brown-glazed jar with four lug handles and design of three fish. Yuan Dynasty. Excavated from Hancheng City. I took this photo at the Shaanxi History Museum in Xi'an in 2011.
Författare/Upphovsman: John Hill, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Brown-glazed jar with four lug handles and design of three fish. Yuan Dynasty. Excavated from Hancheng City. I took this photo at the Shaanxi History Museum in Xi'an in 2011.
Guyuk khan from Persian miniature.jpg
Guyuk khan image from a Persian miniature by Abdullâh Sultân (atelier). Shîrâz
Guyuk khan image from a Persian miniature by Abdullâh Sultân (atelier). Shîrâz
No free image man (sv).svg
Författare/Upphovsman: me (user:slarre), Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Based on Image:Man silhouette.svg by User:Liftarn.
Författare/Upphovsman: me (user:slarre), Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Based on Image:Man silhouette.svg by User:Liftarn.
也速該.jpg
Yesugei, the Father of Genghis Khan
Yesugei, the Father of Genghis Khan
Flag of Ilkhanate.svg
A Flag that represents the Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire in the Catalan Atlas, a primary source created in 1375. Actual use of this flag by the Ilkhanate is not confirmed by other sources.
A Flag that represents the Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire in the Catalan Atlas, a primary source created in 1375. Actual use of this flag by the Ilkhanate is not confirmed by other sources.
YuanEmperorAlbumQaishanKulugPortrait.jpg
Wuzong, a.k.a. Qaishan, a.k.a. Külüg Khan. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei (inv. nr. zhonghua 000324). Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk.
YuanEmperorAlbumOgedeiPortrait.jpg
Ögedei Khan. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei (inv. nr. zhonghua 000324). Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk.
YuanEmperorAlbumTemurOljeituPortrait.jpg
Chengzong, a.k.a. Temür, a.k.a. Öljeitü Khan. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei (inv. nr. zhonghua 000324). Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk.
Hulagu Khan.jpg
Hulagu Khan.
Hulagu Khan.
YuanEmperorAlbumIrinchinbalPortrait.jpg
Ningzong, a.k.a. Irinchinbal. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei (inv. nr. zhonghua 000324). Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk.
YuanEmperorAlbumAyurbarvadaBuyantuPortrait.jpg
Renzong a.k.a. Ayurbarvada a.k.a. Buyantu Khan. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei (inv. nr. zhonghua 000324). Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk.
YuanEmperorAlbumTughTemurPortrait.jpg
Wenzong, a.k.a. Tugh Temür. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei (inv. nr. zhonghua 000324). Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk.
Flag of Chagatai khanate.svg
Författare/Upphovsman:
Flag of Chagatai khanate
Författare/Upphovsman:
Original:
Vektor:
,
Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Flag of Chagatai khanate
Golden Horde flag 1339.svg
Författare/Upphovsman: Vorziblix, Licens: CC0
The flag of the Golden Horde, as shown in Angelino Dulcert's 1339 map. A similar flag appears in the later Catalan Atlas (1375), providing corroboration.
Författare/Upphovsman: Vorziblix, Licens: CC0
The flag of the Golden Horde, as shown in Angelino Dulcert's 1339 map. A similar flag appears in the later Catalan Atlas (1375), providing corroboration.
See also Early Mongol Flags at crwflags.com:
- One of the charges is a crescent and the other looks like a simplified form of the tamga from the flag of Idel Ural. On different copies of the flag, the crescent has different size; it is often smaller than shown here, sometimes even reduced into a simple oblique stroke and conjoined with the other charge into a si[n]gle symmetrical object; the other charge also sometimes lacks the oblique part [2, 3]. It was obviously difficult to draw the charges always the same way. The cities with this flag which are easy to identify are [2, 7, 8]: Sarai, the capital (spelled Sarra) - there is also a depiction of the ruler, "Jani Beg Lord of Sarai" ("Jambech senyor de Sarra"); Tana, present-day Azov, Russia; and Urgench, Uzbekistan (spelled Organci, with a cedilla under the c; nowadays ruined). This flag is a variant of the flag of "Emperor of Sarai" ("Emperador de Sara") from "Libro del conoscimiento de los reinos" [7] and might be the one that had really existed, considering the similarity of its charges with those from the flag of Idel Ural.
- [2] Enciclopedia universal ilustrada, vol. XXI, Espan~a Madrid: Espasa-Calpe S.A., 1968
- [3] Istorija otkric'a i istraz<ivanja, vol. I: Poc<etak istraz<ivanja; Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana, 1979; Original title: A History of Discovery and Exploration, vol. I: The Search Begins;(C) 1973 Aldus Books Limited, London
- [7] Libro del Conoscimiento. Viajes medievales, vol. I Madrid: Fundacio'n Jose' Antonio de Castro, 2005 ISBN 84-96452-11-5 (complete edition) ISBN 84-96452-12-3 (vol. I) [e9s50]
- [8] A[p]pendices. (Ibid.)
- Tomislav Todorovic, 21 April 2007
Chagatai Khan.JPG
(c) Enerelt at en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0
Tsagaatay's statue in Mongol palace, Gachuurt Mongolia
(c) Enerelt at en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0
Tsagaatay's statue in Mongol palace, Gachuurt Mongolia
Khubilai statue.jpg
Författare/Upphovsman: Chinneeb, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Statue of en:Kublai Khan in en:Sukhbaatar Square
Författare/Upphovsman: Chinneeb, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Statue of en:Kublai Khan in en:Sukhbaatar Square
Batu Khan on the Throne by Rashid al-Din.jpg
Batu Khan on the throne of the Golden Horde. Batu Khan was a Mongol ruler (1205 – 1255) and founder of the Golden Horde. Depicted by Rashid al-Din.
Batu Khan on the throne of the Golden Horde. Batu Khan was a Mongol ruler (1205 – 1255) and founder of the Golden Horde. Depicted by Rashid al-Din.
Juchi Khan.JPG
(c) Enerelt på engelska Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0
Juchi's statue in Mongol palace, Gachuurt Mongolia
(c) Enerelt på engelska Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0
Juchi's statue in Mongol palace, Gachuurt Mongolia
YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg
Post-mortem portrait of Kublai Khan; made to make him appear about 30 years younger.
Post-mortem portrait of Kublai Khan; made to make him appear about 30 years younger.
Ariq Böke.jpg
Ariq Böke.
Ariq Böke.
Tamerlan.jpg
Portrait of Timur. Thumbnail XV century. Perhaps a copy of an earlier original
Portrait of Timur. Thumbnail XV century. Perhaps a copy of an earlier original
YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg
Taizu, better known as Genghis Khan. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandjai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk.
Taizu, better known as Genghis Khan. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandjai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk.