Victoria (krater)
- För andra betydelser, se Victoria.
| Marskrater | |
|---|---|
| Victoria | |
 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) HiRISE bild över Victoriakratern, 3 oktober 2006. | |
| Egenskaper | |
| Koordinater | 2.05˚ S, 5.50˚ V |
| Medeldiameter | 750 m |
| Djup | 70 m |
| Kolongitud | 20° vid soluppgång |
| Uppkallad efter | Skeppet Victoria Victoria, Seychellerna |
| Mars - ( ) | |
Victoria är en nedslagskrater på planeten Mars, belägen vid 2.05°S, 5.50°V i Meridiani Planum, och besökt av rymdsonden Opportunity.[1] Kratern är ungefär 730 meter bred, nästan åtta gånger storleken av kratern Endurance, som Opportunity besökte från sol 951[2] till 1630.[3] Den är informellt uppkallad efter Victoria – ett av Ferdinand Magellans fem skepp, och det första skeppet att göra en världsomsegling – och formellt uppkallad efter Victoria, Seychellerna. Längs kanterna av kratern finns många hällmarker, uppkallade efter olika bukter och uddar som Magellan upptäckte.
Opportunity reste igenom Victoriakratern i 21 månader innan den till sist nådde dess kant den 26 september 2006 (sol 951),[2] vid den nyligen uppkallade "Duck Bay".[4] Kring rovern fanns ett flertal platser och kännetecken som fick namnen "No Name", "Duck Crater", "Emma Dean", "Maid of the Canyon", och "Kitty Clyde's Sister". Rovern skapade också flera bilder av närliggande alkover, informellt uppkallade "Cape Verde" och "Cabo Frio", och en liten ljus krater på Victorias motsatta sida.
Utforskning
Kratern har utforskats av flera olika rymdsonder i omloppsbana runt Mars. Den har även utforskats av NASA:s rover Opportunity.
Opportunity
Utkanten av kratern
Efter att ha kommit fram till kratern färdades rovern ungefär en fjärdedel längs kanten på kratern. De olika "buktar" och "uddar" som upptäcktes längs vägen uppkallades efter olika platser Ferdinand Magellan upptäckt ombord på skeppet Victoria.[5]
Denna första resa lät roverförarna identifiera olika in- och utgångar till kratern, samt skapa en topografisk karta över området, och testa olika delar av roverns mjukvara.[5] Rovern undersökte även de yttre skikten på de olika uddarna och förklaringen bakom de mörka dragen om norra sidan kratern.[6]
Insidan av kratern
Efter att en planettäckande sandstorm försenade resan in i själva kratern i sex veckor, och hotade roverns överlevnad, så kördes rovern in i kratern vid Duck Bay vid 1293. Detta hade föregåtts av en testmanöver vid sol 1291 för att undersöka friktionsunderlaget.[7][8] När rovern var inne i kratern samlades data in från stenlager, och högkvalitetsbilder togs av Cape Verde.[3]
Rovern lämnade kraterns insida vid sol 1634 (29 augusti 2008), efter att ha upplevt en anomali liknande den som rovern Spirit upplevt innan dess ena hjul slutade att fungera.[3] Rovern gav sig iväg vidare mot sitt nästa mål, kratern Endeavour.[9]
Referenser
- ^ ”"Victoria Crater" at Meridiani Planum”. Arkiverad från originalet den 13 oktober 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161013132459/http://hiroc.lpl.arizona.edu/images/TRA/TRA_000873_1780/RGBcolor_Full.html. Läst 9 oktober 2006.
- ^ [a b] ”NASA Mars Rover Arrives at Dramatic Vista on Red Planet”. Arkiverad från originalet den 11 juli 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150711152731/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2006-116. Läst 28 juli 2011.
- ^ [a b c] A.J.S Rahl (31 augusti 2008). ”Opportunity Exits Victoria Crater, Spirit Picks Up Pace on Panorama”. Planetary Society. Arkiverad från originalet den 22 september 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110922014216/http://www.planetary.org/news/2008/0831_Mars_Exploration_Rovers_Update.html. Läst 12 januari 2011.
- ^ ”PIA08777: Overview of Approach to 'Victoria'”. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA08777. Läst 9 oktober 2006.
- ^ [a b] A.J.S. Rayl. ”Mars Exploration Rovers Update: Spirit Gets Back Home (To Where It Once Belonged), Opportunity Completes 10K at Victoria's Rim”. The Planetary Society. Arkiverad från originalet den 1 oktober 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071001220819/http://www.planetary.org/news/2007/0228_Mars_Exploration_Rovers_Update_Spirit.html. Läst 21 september 2007.
- ^ A.J.S. Rayl. ”Mars Exploration Rovers Update: Spirit Homes in on Mitcheltree Ridge, Opportunity Crosses Valley Without Peril”. The Planetary Society. Arkiverad från originalet den 29 september 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120756/http://planetary.org/news/2007/0331_Mars_Exploration_Rovers_Update_Spirit.html. Läst 21 september 2007.
- ^ ”Mars Exploration Rover Status Report: Rovers Resume Driving”. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Arkiverad från originalet den 6 december 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071206155340/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2007-093b. Läst 14 september 2007.
- ^ ”Rover Status Report: Opportunity Begins Sustained Exploration Inside Crater”. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Arkiverad från originalet den 20 september 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080920081401/http://jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2007-101b. Läst 14 september 2007.
- ^ Rahl, A.J.S (31 oktober 2008). ”Spirit "Bumps" a Move, Opportunity Puts the Pedal to the Metal”. Planetary Society. Arkiverad från originalet den 24 november 2012. https://www.webcitation.org/6CPGrTb1b?url=http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/mer-updates/2008/10-31-mer-update.html. Läst 1 november 2008.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Media som används på denna webbplats
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope took the picture of Mars on June 26, 2001, when Mars was approximately 68 million kilometers (43 million miles) from Earth — the closest Mars has ever been to Earth since 1988. Hubble can see details as small as 16 kilometers (10 miles) across. The colors have been carefully balanced to give a realistic view of Mars' hues as they might appear through a telescope. Especially striking is the large amount of seasonal dust storm activity seen in this image. One large storm system is churning high above the northern polar cap (top of image), and a smaller dust storm cloud can be seen nearby. Another large dust storm is spilling out of the giant Hellas impact basin in the Southern Hemisphere (lower right).
Victoria Crater from Cape Verde.
Original caption from NASA: "This image taken by the panoramic camera on the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity shows the view of Victoria Crater from Cape Verde. Since reaching the crater on Sol 951 (September 27, 2006) Opportunity has been making its way around the rim in a clockwise direction. Victoria Crater is roughly 800 meters (one-half mile) wide - about five times wider than Endurance Crater, and 40 times as wide as Eagle crater. The south face of the 15 meter (50 foot) tall Cape St. Mary is visible in the left portion of this image. On the right is Duck Bay, and beyond that, the north face of the 15 meter (50 foot) tall stack of layered rocks called Cabo Frio can be seen on the inner crater wall.
This mosaic was taken over the conjunction time period, from Sols 970 to 991 (October 16 - November 6, 2006). It was generated from Pancam's 753 nm, 535 nm, and 432 nm filters."
This image from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter shows "Victoria crater," an impact crater at Meridiani Planum, near the equator of Mars. The crater is approximately 800 meters (half a mile) in diameter. It has a distinctive scalloped shape to its rim, caused by erosion and downhill movement of crater wall material. Layered sedimentary rocks are exposed along the inner wall of the crater, and boulders that have fallen from the crater wall are visible on the crater floor. The floor of the crater is occupied by a striking field of sand dunes.
Since January 2004, the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has been operating at Meridiani Planum. Five days before this image was taken, Opportunity arrived at the rim of Victoria crater, after a drive of more than 9 kilometers (over 5 miles). The rover can be seen in this image, at roughly the "ten o'clock" position along the rim of the crater.
This view is a portion of an image taken by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft on Oct. 3, 2006. The complete image is centered at minus7.8 degrees latitude, 279.5 degrees East longitude. The range to the target site was 297 kilometers (185.6 miles). At this distance the image scale is 29.7 centimeters (12 inches) per pixel (with 1 x 1 binning) so objects about 89 centimeters (35 inches) across are resolved. The image shown here has been map-projected to 25 centimeters (10 inches) per pixel and north is up. The image was taken at a local Mars time of 3:30 PM and the scene is illuminated from the west with a solar incidence angle of 59.7 degrees, thus the sun was about 30.3 degrees above the horizon. At a solar longitude of 113.6 degrees, the season on Mars is northern summer. The full-resolution TIFF file (HiRISE number TRA_000873_1780) can be viewed or downloaded here PIA08813-hi-res.tif; the full-resolution JPEG can be viewed or downloaded here PIA08813-hi-res.jpg.
Summary- Mars Rover "Opportunity" at Victoria crater, as viewed from orbit on October 3, 2006. Note the shadow of the rover's camera mast.
Original JPL site caption: "This image from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter shows the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity near the rim of "Victoria Crater." Victoria is an impact crater about 800 meters (half a mile) in diameter at Meridiani Planum near the equator of Mars. Opportunity has been operating on Mars since January, 2004. Five days before this image was taken, Opportunity arrived at the rim of Victoria, after a drive of more than 9 kilometers (over 5 miles). It then drove to the position where it is seen in this image.
Shown in the image are "Duck Bay," the eroded segment of the crater rim where Opportunity first arrived at the crater; "Cabo Frio," a sharp promontory to the south of Duck Bay; and "Cape Verde," another promontory to the north. When viewed at the highest resolution, this image shows the rover itself, wheel tracks in the soil behind it, and the rover's shadow, including the shadow of the camera mast. After this image was taken, Opportunity moved to the very tip of Cape Verde to perform more imaging of the interior of the crater.
This view is a portion of an image taken by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft on Oct. 3, 2006. The complete image is centered at minus7.8 degrees latitude, 279.5 degrees East longitude. The range to the target site was 297 kilometers (185.6 miles). At this distance the image scale is 29.7 centimeters (12 inches) per pixel (with 1 x 1 binning) so objects about 89 centimeters (35 inches) across are resolved. North is up. The image was taken at a local Mars time of 3:30 PM and the scene is illuminated from the west with a solar incidence angle of 59.7 degrees, thus the sun was about 30.3 degrees above the horizon."