USA:s federala distriktsdomstolar

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USA:s federala distriktsdomstolar (engelska: United States district court) är den lägsta domstolsinstansen i det federala rättsväsendet i mål som berör federal jurisdiktion och lagstiftning. Varje federal distriktsdomstol är skapad genom lag stiftad av USA:s kongress och härleder sin domsrätt från artikel 3 i USA:s konstitution.

Åtal i federal distriktsdomstol kan väckas av federal åklagare eller hans biträden; för grövre brott krävs dock att åtalet godkänns av en åtalsjury.[1] Avgöranden från en federal distriktsdomstol kan i de flesta fall överklagas till en federal appellationsdomstol.

Det absoluta flertalet ärenden som behandlas i amerikanska domstolar, i såväl civilrätt och straffrätt, behandlas däremot i delstatliga domstolar som dömer under respektive delstats lagstiftning.[2]

Beslut i distriktsdomstol kan överklagas till appelationsdomstol och slutligen till USA:s högsta domstol.

Distriktsdomstolarna

I varje delstat finns minst en federal distriktsdomstol. Det samma gäller för det federala distriktet District of Columbia och det självstyrande territoriet Puerto Rico.[3]

Delstater med stor befolkning eller stor yta kan ha flera distriktsdomstolar. Kalifornien, New York och Texas, som alla är stora till ytan och har en stor befolkning, har vardera fyra federala distriktsdomstolar.[4][5][6]

Distriktsdomstolarnas jurisdiktion utgår från artikel III i USA:s konstitution, som klargör att domstolsmakten ska vila hos USA:s högsta domstol och de underordnade domstolar som kongressen från tid till annan inrättar.

Domstolarna inrättas därefter i United States Code. I den övergripande paragrafen 28 U.S.C. § 41 inrättas appelationsdomstolarnas domsagor (engelska: circuits).[7] Inrättandet av distriktsdomstolar, deras domstolsdistrikt liksom distriktens indelning i divisioner, är sedan reglerade i särskilda paragrafer för varje delstat (se tabell nedan). United States Code anger också domstolarnas rätt att döma på olika rättsområden, framför allt i 28 U.S.C. §§ 1330–1369 samt i 28 U.S.C. § 3231.[3]

Personal

Det finns 645 ordinarie domartjänster i de 50 delstaterna samt ytterligare 15 i District of Columbia och 7 på Puerto Rico.[3] En federal distriktsdomare utses av USA:s president efter erhållande av senatens råd och samtycke (i praktiken godkännande) och kan endast avsättas genom riksrätt som inleds i representanthuset.[3]

Vid varje domstol finns anställda magistratsdomare (engelska: magistrate judge) som bistår de ordinarie domarna i rutinärenden, exempelvis utfärdande av arresteringsorder, beslut om husrannsakan, inledanade plädering och fastställande av borgen. Magistratsdomare fäller dock inga slutliga avgöranden i själva rättsprocessen. En magistratsdomares beslut kan bestridas av en part och kan överprövas av en ordinare federal domare om det skulle vara i sak felaktigt.[8]

Till varje federal distriktsdomstol finns det en chefsnotarie (engelska: clerk), en tillhörande federal åklagare (som leder det federala åklagarämbetet inom domstolens juridiska distrikt[9]), en tillhörande U.S. Marshal (som ansvarar för domstolen och dess personals säkerhet, verkställande av beslut samt leder avdelningen för United States Marshals Service inom det juridiska distriktet[10]), övervakare för dömda med villkorlig dom samt övrig personal.[3]

Bildgalleri

Lista över federala distriktsdomstolar

Nedan redovisas distriktsdomstolar i delstater, federala distrikt och territorier. Indelningen regleras i United States Code, dels genom inrättandet av appelationsdomstolarnas domsagor[7] och dels i särskilda paragrafer för varje delstat. De senare redovisas som noter i tabellen nedan.

Under rubriken Överinstans redovisas den appelationsdomstol som distriktsdomstolen tillhör. Patenträtt samt ett fåtal andra undantagna ärendetyper överklagas i stället till appelationsdomstolen för den federala domsagan, United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

Då prejudicerande rättsfall är en central rättskälla i amerikansk rätt redovisas även den förkortning som används för respektive distriktsdomstol i samband med referat till domstolens domar.

SigillNamnDelstat / OmrådeSäteInrättadÖverinstansNoter
US District Court for the District of Columbia

D.D.C.

District of Columbia (federalt distrikt)Washington, D.C.1863D.C. Circuit[11]
United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama

M.D. Ala.

AlabamaMontgomery1839Eleventh Circuit[12]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama

N.D. Ala.

AlabamaBirmingham1824Eleventh Circuit[12]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama

S.D. Ala.

AlabamaMobile1824Eleventh Circuit[12]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas

E.D. Ark.

ArkansasLittle Rock1851Eighth Circuit[13]
United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas

W.D. Ark.

ArkansasFort Smith1851Eighth Circuit[13]
United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida

M.D. Fla.

FloridaOrlando1962Eleventh Circuit[14]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida

N.D. Fla.

FloridaTallahassee1847Eleventh Circuit[14]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida

S.D. Fla.

FloridaMiami1847Eleventh Circuit[14]
United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia

M.D. Ga.

GeorgiaMacon1926Eleventh Circuit[15]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia

N.D. Ga.

GeorgiaAtlanta1848Eleventh Circuit[15]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia

S.D. Ga.

GeorgiaSavannah1848Eleventh Circuit[15]
United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois

C.D. Ill.

IllinoisSpringfield1979Seventh Circuit[16]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois

N.D. Ill.

IllinoisChicago1855Seventh Circuit[16]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois

S.D. Ill.

IllinoisEast St. Louis1855Seventh Circuit[16]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana

N.D. Ind.

IndianaSouth Bend1928Seventh Circuit[17]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana

S.D. Ind.

IndianaIndianapolis1928Seventh Circuit[17]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa

N.D. Iowa

IowaCedar Rapids1882Eighth Circuit[18]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa

S.D. Iowa

IowaDes Moines1882Eighth Circuit[18]
United States District Court for the Central District of California

C.D. Cal.

KalifornienLos Angeles1966Ninth Circuit[4][19]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of California

E.D. Cal.

KalifornienSacramento1966Ninth Circuit[4][20]
United States District Court for the Northern District of California

N.D. Cal.

KalifornienSan Francisco1886Ninth Circuit[4][21]
United States District Court for the Southern District of California

S.D. Cal.

KalifornienSan Diego1886Ninth Circuit[4]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky

E.D. Ky.

KentuckyLexington1901Sixth Circuit[22]
United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky

W.D. Ky.

KentuckyLouisville1901Sixth Circuit[22]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana

E.D. La.

LouisianaNew Orleans1881Fifth Circuit[23]
United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana

M.D. La.

LouisianaBaton Rouge1971Fifth Circuit[23]
United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana

W.D. La.

LouisianaShreveport1881Fifth Circuit[23]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
E.D. Mich.		MichiganDetroit1863Sixth Circuit[24]
United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan
W.D. Mich.		MichiganGrand Rapids1863Sixth Circuit[24]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi
N.D. Miss.		MississippiOxford1838Fifth Circuit[25]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi
S.D. Miss.		MississippiJackson1838Fifth Circuit[25]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri
E.D. Mo.		MissouriSaint Louis1857Eighth Circuit[26]
United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri
W.D. Mo.		MissouriKansas City1857Eighth Circuit[26]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
E.D.N.Y.		New YorkNew York City (Brooklyn)1865Second Circuit[5]
United States District Court for the Northern District of New York
N.D.N.Y.		New YorkSyracuse1814Second Circuit[5][27]
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
S.D.N.Y.		New YorkNew York City (Manhattan)1814Second Circuit[5][28]
United States District Court for the Western District of New York
W.D.N.Y.		New YorkBuffalo1900Second Circuit[5][29]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina
E.D.N.C.		North CarolinaRaleigh1872Fourth Circuit[30]
United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina
M.D.N.C.		North CarolinaGreensboro1927Fourth Circuit[30]
United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina
W.D.N.C.		North CarolinaCharlotte1872Fourth Circuit[30]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio
N.D. Ohio		OhioCleveland1855Sixth Circuit[31]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio
S.D. Ohio		OhioColumbus1855Sixth Circuit[31]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma
E.D. Okla.		OklahomaMuskogee1906Tenth Circuit[32]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma
N.D. Okla.		OklahomaTulsa1925Tenth Circuit[32]
United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma
W.D. Okla.		OklahomaOklahoma City1906Tenth Circuit[32]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
E.D. Pa.		PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia1818Third Circuit[33]
United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
M.D. Pa.		PennsylvaniaHarrisburg1901Third Circuit[33]
United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania
W.D. Pa.		PennsylvaniaPittsburgh1818Third Circuit[33]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee
E.D. Tenn.		TennesseeKnoxville1802Sixth Circuit[34]
United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee
M.D. Tenn.		TennesseeNashville1839Sixth Circuit[34]
United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee
W.D. Tenn.		TennesseeMemphis1802Sixth Circuit[34]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas
E.D. Tex.		TexasTyler1857Fifth Circuit[6]
United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas
N.D. Tex.		TexasDallas1879Fifth Circuit[6]
United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas
S.D. Tex.		TexasHouston1902Fifth Circuit[6]
United States District Court for the Western District of Texas
W.D. Tex.		TexasSan Antonio1857Fifth Circuit[6]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia
E.D. Va.)		VirginiaAlexandria1819Fourth Circuit[35]
United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia
W.D. Va.		VirginiaRoanoke1819Fourth Circuit[35][36]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington
E.D. Wash.		WashingtonSpokane1905Ninth Circuit[37]
United States District Court for the Western District of Washington
W.D. Wash.		WashingtonSeattle1905Ninth Circuit[37]
United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia
N.D. W. Va.		West VirginiaMartinsburg1901Fourth Circuit[38]
United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia
S.D. W. Va.		West VirginiaCharleston1901Fourth Circuit[38]
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin
E.D. Wis.		WisconsinMilwaukee1870Seventh Circuit[39]
United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin
W.D. Wis.		WisconsinMadison1870Seventh Circuit[39]
United States District Court for the District of Alaska
D. Alaska		AlaskaAnchorage1959Ninth Circuit[40]
United States District Court for the District of Arizona
D. Ariz.		ArizonaPhoenix1912Ninth Circuit[41]
United States District Court for the District of Colorado
D. Colo.		ColoradoDenver1876Tenth Circuit[42]
United States District Court for the District of Connecticut
D. Conn.		ConnecticutNew Haven1789Second Circuit[43]
United States District Court for the District of Delaware
D. Del.		DelawareWilmington1789Third Circuit[44]
United States District Court for the District of Hawaii
D. Haw.		HawaiiHonolulu1959Ninth Circuit[45]
United States District Court for the District of Idaho
D. Idaho		IdahoBoise1890Ninth Circuit[46]
United States District Court for the District of Kansas
D. Kan.		KansasKansas City1861Tenth Circuit[47]
United States District Court for the District of Maine
D. Me.		MainePortland1820First Circuit[48]
United States District Court for the District of Maryland
D. Md.		MarylandBaltimore1789Fourth Circuit[49]
United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
D. Mass.		MassachusettsBoston1789First Circuit[50]
United States District Court for the District of Minnesota
D. Minn.		MinnesotaMinneapolis1858Eighth Circuit[51]
United States District Court for the District of Montana
D. Mont.		MontanaMissoula1889Ninth Circuit[52]
United States District Court for the District of Nebraska
D. Neb.		NebraskaOmaha1867Eighth Circuit[53]
United States District Court for the District of Nevada
D. Nev.		NevadaLas Vegas1865Ninth Circuit[54]
United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire
D.N.H.		New HampshireConcord1789First Circuit[55]
United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
D.N.J.		New JerseyNewark1789Third Circuit[56]
United States District Court for the District of New Mexico
D.N.M.		New MexicoAlbuquerque1910Tenth Circuit[57]
United States District Court for the District of North Dakota
D.N.D.		North DakotaBismarck1889Eighth Circuit[58]
United States District Court for the District of Oregon
D. Ore.		OregonPortland1859Ninth Circuit[59]
United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island
D.R.I.		Rhode IslandProvidence1790First Circuit[60]
United States District Court for the District of South Carolina
D.S.C.		South CarolinaCharleston1965Fourth Circuit[61]
United States District Court for the District of South Dakota
D.S.D.		South DakotaSioux Falls1889Eighth Circuit[62]
United States District Court for the District of Utah
D. Utah		UtahSalt Lake City1894Tenth Circuit[63]
United States District Court for the District of Vermont
D. Vt.		VermontBurlington1791Second Circuit[64]
United States District Court for the District of Wyoming
D. Wyo.		WyomingCheyenne1890Tenth Circuit[65]
United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico
D.P.R.		Puerto Rico (territorium)San Juan1966First Circuit[66]

Se även

Referenser

  1. ^ Supreme Court of the United States, red (2024). ”Rule 7. The Indictment and the Information”. Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Michigan Legal Publishing Ltd. Läst 25 september 2024 
  2. ^ ”Comparing Federal & State Courts” (på engelska). uscourts.gov. Administrative Office of the United States Courts. https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/court-role-and-structure/comparing-federal-state-courts. Läst 12 juni 2021. 
  3. ^ [a b c d e] ”Lower Courts” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. U.S. Government Publishing Office. https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=384h6UoqM8c=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 12 juni 2021. 
  4. ^ [a b c d e] 28 U.S.C. § 84
  5. ^ [a b c d e] 28 U.S.C. § 112
  6. ^ [a b c d e] 28 U.S.C. § 124
  7. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 41
  8. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 636
  9. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 547
  10. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 566
  11. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 88
  12. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 81
  13. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 83
  14. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 89
  15. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 90
  16. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 93
  17. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 94
  18. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 95
  19. ^ ”The 1960s” (på engelska). www.cacd.uscourts.gov. United States District Court for the Central District of California. https://www.cacd.uscourts.gov/newsworthy/historical-decades/1960s. Läst 26 januari 2025. 
  20. ^ ”About The Federal Court” (på engelska). www.caed.uscourts.gov. United States District Court for the Eastern District of California. https://www.caed.uscourts.gov/caednew/index.cfm/about-the-federal-court/. Läst 26 januari 2025. 
  21. ^ ”History of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California” (på engelska). www.cand.uscourts.gov. United States District Court for the Northern District of California. https://www.cand.uscourts.gov/about/northern-district-history/. Läst 26 januari 2025. 
  22. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 97
  23. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 98
  24. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 102
  25. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 104
  26. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 105
  27. ^ ”Court/District History” (på engelska). www.nynd.uscourts.gov. United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. https://www.nynd.uscourts.gov/courtdistrict-history. Läst 26 januari 2025. 
  28. ^ ”About the District” (på engelska). www.nysd.uscourts.gov. United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. https://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/about. Läst 26 januari 2025. 
  29. ^ ”Court/District History” (på engelska). www.nywd.uscourts.gov. United States District Court for the Western District of New York. https://www.nywd.uscourts.gov/courtdistrict-history-0. Läst 26 januari 2025. 
  30. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 113
  31. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 115
  32. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 116
  33. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 118
  34. ^ [a b c] 28 U.S.C. § 123
  35. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 127
  36. ^ ”Court History” (på engelska). www.vawd.uscourts.gov. United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia. https://www.vawd.uscourts.gov/court-information/court-information/. Läst 26 januari 2025. 
  37. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 128
  38. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 129
  39. ^ [a b] 28 U.S.C. § 130
  40. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 81A
  41. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 82
  42. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 85
  43. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 86
  44. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 87
  45. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 91
  46. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 92
  47. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 96
  48. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 99
  49. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 100
  50. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 101
  51. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 103
  52. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 106
  53. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 107
  54. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 108
  55. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 109
  56. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 110
  57. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 111
  58. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 114
  59. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 117
  60. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 120
  61. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 121
  62. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 122
  63. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 125
  64. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 126
  65. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 131
  66. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 119

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Seal of the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico
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Seal of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
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Seal of the United States District Court for the District of Alaska