USA:s federala appellationsdomstolar

Indelning av federala distrikts- och appellationsdomstolar i USA.

USA:s federala appellationsdomstolar (engelska: United States courts of appeals) är de appellationsdomstolar i USA som ingår i den federala statsmakten och som ingår i dess domstolsväsende. I USA finns även ett delstatligt domstolsväsende som dömer efter den egna lagstiftningen i varje delstat och som existerar parallellt.[1]


De federala appellationsdomstolarna är indelad i 13 kretsar (engelska: circuits) och varje appellationsdomstol hör överklaganden från federala distriktsdomstolar ingående i respektive krets, eller i vissa fall överklaganden av beslut från särskilda myndigheter. Avgöranden i en federal appellationsdomstol kan överklagas till USA:s högsta domstol. Appellationsdomstolarna har lagprövningsrätt och härleder sina befogenheter från artikel 3 i USA:s konstitution som en del av den dömande makten och därmed jämbördig med både den lagstiftande (USA:s kongress) och den verkställande makten (USA:s president).[1]

Bakgrund och funktion

USA

Denna artikel är en del i serien om:
Politik i USA



Atlas
Politikportalen

Det nuvarande systemet med federala appellationsdomstolar infördes med Judiciary Act of 1891, även kallad för Evarts Act.[2]

De federala appellationsdomstolarna anses vara bland de mest inflytelserika domstolarna i USA, då de, för det första, kan skapa prejudikat i domkretsar som omfattar miljontals invånare och har därför en stor inverkan på amerikansk rätt och, för det andra, eftersom USA:s högsta domstol varje år tar upp till prövning endast drygt 2% av de omkring 7 500 mål som överklagas dit årligen så faller det slutliga avgörandet oftast i en appellationsdomstol.

Det finns enligt lag 179 domarbefattningar i de federala appellationsdomstolarna. Likt andra federala domare nomineras de av USA:s president, som måste invänta senatens råd och samtycke (engelska: advice and consent, i praktiken godkännande) innan en slutlig utnämning kan ske. En domarutnämning är på livstid och under 2021 var årslönen för en federal domare i en appellationsdomstol $231 800.[3] Den verkliga numerären av tjänstgörande domare varierar dock eftersom frivilligt ålderspensionerade domare kan återgå i tjänst utan att det påverkar antalet som är fastställt i lag

Federala appellationsdomstolar och kretsar

Det finns elva numrerade kretsar samt en särskild krets för District of Columbia (som funktionsmässigt motsvarar en delstatlig appellationsdomstol). Nionde kretsen omfattar hela USA:s västkust och cirka 20 % av landets befolkning är bosatt inom kretsen. Tionde kretsen är unik i att den omfattar mindre delar av Idaho och Montana på grund av att Wyomings juridiska distrikt täcker hela Yellowstone nationalpark. Den trettonde kretsen är den federala kretsen (engelska: Federal Circuit) till vilken särskilda ärenden överklagas utan geografisk begränsning.

SigillDomkrets
Apellationsdomstolens namn
Förkortning
Domstolsbyggnad
Säte
InrättadOmfattarNotering
Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.svgFirst Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
1st Cir.
2017 Moakley US Courthouse from Boston Harbor.jpg
John Joseph Moakley Federal Courthouse
Boston
1891[4][5]
Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.svgSecond Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
2d Cir.
Looking Up At Thurgood Marshall Courthouse, 10.14.17.jpg
Thurgood Marshall Federal Courthouse
New York
1891[4][5]
Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.svgThird Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
3d Cir.
Exterior view of James A. Byrne U.S. Courthouse and the William J. Green Federal Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania LCCN2010718972.tif
James A. Byrne Federal Courthouse
Philadelphia
1891[4][5]
Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.svgFourth Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
4th Cir.
Richmond Federal Appeals Court and skyline VA1.jpg
Lewis F. Powell Jr. Federal Courthouse
Richmond
1891[4][5]
Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.svgFifth Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
5th Cir.
053107-5thCircuit.jpg
John Minor Wisdom Federal Courthouse
New Orleans
1891[4][5]
US-CourtOfAppeals-6thCircuit-Seal.pngSixth Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
6th Cir.
Potter Stewart U.S. Post Office and Courthouse, Cincinnati, Ohio LCCN2014630182.tif
Potter Stewart Federal Courthouse
Cincinnati
1891[4][5]
Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.svgSeventh Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
7th Cir.
Kluczynski Federal Building and Dirksen United States Courthouse, Chicago, Illinois (11045663506).jpg
Dirksen Federal Building
Chicago
1891[4][5]
US-CourtOfAppeals-8thCircuit-Seal.pngEighth Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
8th Cir.
Eagleton Courthouse.JPG
Thomas F. Eagleton Federal Courthouse
St. Louis
1891
8th Circuit map.svg
[4][5]
Seal of the United States Courts, Ninth Judicial Circuit.svgNinth Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
9th Cir.
U.S. Post Office & Courthouse (San Francisco).jpg
James R. Browning Federal Courthouse
San Francisco
1891
9th Circuit map.svg
[4][5]
US-CourtOfAppeals-10thCircuit-Seal.pngTenth Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
10th Cir.
U.S. Post Office and Federal Building, Denver.jpg
Byron White Federal Courthouse
Denver
1929
10th Circuit map.svg
[4][5]
US-CourtOfAppeals-11thCircuit-Seal.pngEleventh Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
11th Cir.
Elbert-P-Tuttle-US-Courthouse-01.jpg
Elbert P. Tuttle Federal Courthouse
Atlanta
1981[4][5]
Seal of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.pngDistrict of Columbia Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
D.C. Cir.
US Court House Wash DC.jpg
E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse
Washington, D.C.
1893[4][5]
Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.svgFederal Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
Fed. Cir. alt C.A.F.C.
Dolley madison house northwest01.JPG
Howard T. Markey National Courts Building
Washington, D.C.
1982
  • Överklaganden från federala myndigheter med säte i huvudstaden samt från vissa specialdomstolar.
    Den enda appellationsdomstolen som hör mål i patentfrågor
    och vars jurisdiktion inte är geografiskt avgränsad
[6][5][7]

Se även

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från engelskspråkiga Wikipedia, United States courts of appeals, tidigare version.

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] ”Federal Court System in the United States” (på engelska). Administrative Office of the United States Courts. 2016. https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/federalcourtssystemintheus.pdf. Läst 15 augusti 2021. 
  2. ^ ”Appellate Jurisdiction Transferred to New Courts” (på engelska). Timelines of Federal Judicial History. Federal Judicial Center. https://www.fjc.gov/history/timeline/8271. Läst 10 februari 2021. ”In response to growing caseloads that threatened to overwhelm the federal judiciary, Congress in 1891 created a separate tier of appellate courts known as the U.S. circuit courts of appeals. The Evarts Act, named after Senator William Evarts of New York, authorized a court of appeals in each of the nine existing circuits as well as an additional judgeship for each circuit. The Act stripped the U.S. circuit courts of their appellate jurisdiction but left them to operate as trial courts. Congress granted the new courts appellate jurisdiction over most cases from the district and circuit courts, while some cases, such as those involving constitutional issues, could be appealed directly from a trial court to the Supreme Court. In diversity cases and in some other categories of suits, no appeal as of right from a court of appeals to the Supreme Court was available, but the Court could hear any case of its choosing by issuing a writ of certiorari.” 
  3. ^ ”Judicial Compensation” (på engelska). uscourts.gov. Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. http://www.uscourts.gov/judges-judgeships/judicial-compensation. Läst 10 februari 2021. 
  4. ^ [a b c d e f g h i j k l] ”United States Courts of Appeals” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 21 april 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421022419/https://usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=9MiIhRSSLxI%3D&ParentEId=384h6UoqM8c%3D&EType=%2FsbLHImeIYk%3D. Läst 10 februari 2021. 
  5. ^ [a b c d e f g h i j k l m] 28 U.S.C. § 41
  6. ^ ”United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 21 april 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421022422/https://usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=8JhLPNlipUw%3D&ParentEId=384h6UoqM8c%3D&EType=%2FsbLHImeIYk%3D. Läst 10 februari 2021. 
  7. ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1295

Externa länkar

Media som används på denna webbplats

DC locator map with state names w usmap.png
Författare/Upphovsman: unknown, Licens: CC BY-SA 2.5
6th Circuit map.svg
Författare/Upphovsman: MarginalCost, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Map of the 6th Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Potter Stewart U.S. Post Office and Courthouse, Cincinnati, Ohio LCCN2014630182.tif
Title: Potter Stewart U.S. Post Office and Courthouse, Cincinnati, Ohio

Physical description: 1 photograph : digital, tiff file, color.

Notes: Photographed as part of an assignment for the General Services Administration.; Title, date and keywords from information provided by the photographer.; Forms part of: Photographs in the Carol M. Highsmith Archive.; Gift; Carol M. Highsmith; 2013; (DLC/PP-2013:163).; Credit line: Photographs in the Carol M. Highsmith Archive, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.; Built in 1939 by architect/builder Louis A. Simon.
3rd Circuit map.svg
Författare/Upphovsman: MarginalCost, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Map of the 3rd United States courts of appeals
2017 Moakley US Courthouse from Boston Harbor.jpg
Författare/Upphovsman: Beyond My Ken, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
The John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse located at 1 Courthouse Way on Fan Pier in Boston, Massachusetts, was completed in 1999, and was designed by Henry N. Cobb and Ian Bader of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. It was named after Congressman Joe Moakley.
10th Circuit map.svg
Författare/Upphovsman: MarginalCost, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Map of the 10th United States courts of appeals
Looking Up At Thurgood Marshall Courthouse, 10.14.17.jpg
Författare/Upphovsman: TJ Bickerton, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Thurgood Marshall Courthouse, 10.14.17
053107-5thCircuit.jpg
Författare/Upphovsman: Bobak Ha'Eri, Licens: CC BY 3.0
The John Minor Wisdom U.S. Courthouse, home of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Seal of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.png
Seal of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
1st Circuit map.svg
Författare/Upphovsman: MarginalCost, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Map of the 1st United States courts of appeals
Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.svg
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit Seal
8th Circuit map.svg
Författare/Upphovsman: MarginalCost, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Map of the 8th United States courts of appeals
Richmond Federal Appeals Court and skyline VA1.jpg
Författare/Upphovsman: Acroterion, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
The Court of Federal Appeals (Lewis F. Powell Courthouse) and the skyline of Richmond, Virginia, in the early morning from the upper slope of the Virginia Capitol Grounds, Richmond, Virginia, USA
Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.svg
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit Seal
Kluczynski Federal Building and Dirksen United States Courthouse, Chicago, Illinois (11045663506).jpg
Författare/Upphovsman: Ken Lund from Reno, Nevada, USA, Licens: CC BY-SA 2.0

The Everett McKinley Dirksen United States Courthouse, commonly referred to as the Dirksen Federal Building, is a skyscraper in downtown Chicago, Illinois, at 219 South Dearborn Street. It was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and completed in 1964. The building is 384 feet (117 m) tall, with 30 floors; it was named for U.S. Congressman and Senator Everett Dirksen. The building houses the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, the United States Bankruptcy Court, the United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois, United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, and local offices for various court-related federal agencies, such as the Federal Public Defender, United States Probation Service and United States Trustee. It is one of three buildings making up the modernist Federal Plaza complex designed by van der Rohe, along with the U.S. Post Office (Loop Station) and the Kluczynski Federal Building. Separate from the Federal Plaza, but opposite the Kluczynski Building across Jackson Boulevard, is the Metcalfe Federal Building.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_McKinley_Dirksen_United_Sta...

The Kluczynski Federal Building is a modernist skyscraper in the downtown Chicago Loop located at 230 South Dearborn Street. The 45-story structure was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and completed in 1974 as the last portion of the new Federal Center. It is 562 feet (171 m) tall and stands on the site previously occupied by the Chicago Federal Building by the architect Henry Ives Cobb. It was named in honor of U.S. Congressman John C. Kluczynski, who represented Illinois's 5th congressional district from 1951 to 1975 after his death that year. This is one of three buildings by van der Rohe in the Federal Center Plaza complex: the others are the US Post Office (Loop Station) and the Everett McKinley Dirksen United States Courthouse.

Federal agencies in the building include the Air Force Recruiting Service, the Department of State Passport Agency, Department of Labor, Internal Revenue Service, Office of Personnel Management, Consumer Product Safety Commission, General Services Administration and offices for both the U.S. senators from Illinois.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluczynski_Federal_Building

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...
Elbert-P-Tuttle-US-Courthouse-01.jpg

Elbert P. Tuttle U.S. Courthouse at 76 Forsyth Street, NW, Atlanta, Georgia. Constructed in 1908, it was orginally a post office, now home for the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. 33°45′23″N 84°23′25″W / 33.75639°N 84.39028°W / 33.75639; -84.39028

National Register of Historic Places reference #74000681. Second Renaissance Revival style.
5th Circuit map.svg
Författare/Upphovsman: MarginalCost, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Map of the 5th Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.svg
United States Court of Appeals For The Second Circuit Seal
U.S. Post Office and Federal Building, Denver.jpg
The U.S. Post Office and Federal Building in Denver, Colorado, United States, which occupies the block surrounded by Stout, Champa, Eighteenth, and Nineteenth Streets. Built in 1916, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Dolley madison house northwest01.JPG
Författare/Upphovsman: Tim1965, Licens: CC BY 3.0
Looking across H Street NW at the northwest corner of the Cutts-Madison House (also known as the Dolley Madison House) at 721 Madison Place NW in Washington, D.C. in October 2009. The Howard T. Markey National Courts Building housing the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit is the tall, red brick building with modernist windows in back of the house.
Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.svg
Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
Exterior view of James A. Byrne U.S. Courthouse and the William J. Green Federal Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania LCCN2010718972.tif
Title: Exterior view of James A. Byrne U.S. Courthouse and the William J. Green Federal Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Physical description: 1 photograph : digital, TIFF file, color.

Notes: Gift; Carol M. Highsmith; 2009; (DLC/PP-2009:083).; Photographed as part of an assignment for the General Services Administration.; Title, date, and subject note provided by the photographer.; Credit line: Photographs in the Carol M. Highsmith Archive, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.; Forms part of the Carol M. Highsmith Archive.; Built 1970-1974. Modern style.
7th Circuit map.svg
Författare/Upphovsman: MarginalCost, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Map of the 7th Circuit United States Court of Appeals
9th Circuit map.svg
Författare/Upphovsman: MarginalCost, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Map of the 9th Circuit United States Court of Appeals
11th Circuit map.svg
Författare/Upphovsman: MarginalCost, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Map of the 11th Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.svg
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit Seal
US Court House Wash DC.jpg
Författare/Upphovsman: Bjoertvedt, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
US Courth House, Washington DC
4th Circuit map.svg
Författare/Upphovsman: MarginalCost, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Map of the 4th Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Eagleton Courthouse.JPG
Thomas F. Eagleton U.S. Courthouse
Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.svg
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit Seal
2nd Circuit map.svg
Författare/Upphovsman: MarginalCost, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Map of the 2nd United States courts of appeals
Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
The greater coat of arms of the United States of America, as depicted on passports, embassies and the Great Seal.