Slaget om Mosul

Slaget om Mosul
Del av Irakiska inbördeskriget
Översiktskarta inför slaget om Mosul
Översiktskarta inför slaget om Mosul.
Ägde rum16 oktober 2016 – 9 juli 2017
PlatsNinawa och sydvästra Erbil, Irak
MålIraks återtagande av staden/provinsen, efter ISIS ockupation i juni 2014.
ResultatÅtererövrad av Irak
Territoriella
ändringar		Koalitionen övertar stora landområden i norr, öster och söder
  • Irak har erövrat hela östra Mosul från 24 januari 2017.[1]
  • Sedan 3 december 2016 har Irak och Peshmerga erövrat totalt 5 677 km2 och 369 byar från ISIS.[2][3][4][5]
Stridande
Irak Irak

Irakiska Kurdistan Irakiska Kurdistan
(till november 2016)
Understödda av:

CJTF–OIR
USA USA[6]
Frankrike Frankrike[6]
Storbritannien Storbritannien[6]
Kanada Kanada[7]
Australien Australien[8]
Tyskland Tyskland[9]
Turkiet Turkiet[10]

Iran Iran[11]
Hizbollah[12]

Jaysh Rijal al-Tariqa al-Naqshbandia[13]

 Islamiska staten (ISIS)
Befälhavare och ledare
Haidar al-Abadi
(Iraks premiärminister)
Irak Generallöjtnant Abdul Amir Rashid Yarallah
(befälhavaren för operationen)
Irak Generallöjtnant Talib Shaghati al-Kenan
(Joint Military Command, ICTS)
Irak Generalmajor Fadhil Jalil al-Barwari
(ISOF befälhavare)
Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis[14]
(Ledaren för PMF)

Irakiska Kurdistan Massoud Barzani
(Irakiska Kurdistans president)
USA Barack Obama
(USA:s president, till 20 januari 2017)
USA Donald Trump
(USA:s president, sedan 20 januari 2017)
USA Generallöjtnant Stephen J. Townsend
(CJTF-OIR befälhavare)
Muhammad Kawarithmi[12]
(Hizbollahs befälhavre i Iraks operation)

Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri[13]

 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
(Ledaren av Islamiska staten)
Zeyad Kharoufa  †[15]
(ISIS medieminister)
Abu Izzam  †[16]
(ISIS oljeminister)
Omran Abu Mariam[17]
(Ledaren av ISIS krigsråd)
Haqqi Esmaeil Owaid  †[18]
(alias Abu Ahmed; ISIS-guvernör av Mosul)
Marwan Hamid Salih al-Hayali  †[19]
(Lokal wāli av ISIS)
Abu As’ad al-Iraqi[20]
(ISIS-emir av Tal Afar)
Aziz Ali  †[21]
(Hög befälhavare)
Abu Hudhaifa  † (Framträdande ISIS-ledare)
Aymam al-Mosuli  †[22]
(Befälhavaren för specialstyrkorna)
Abu Faruq  †[23]
(Befälhavaren av Bashiqa)
Abu Yakoub  †[24]
(Operationsämbetsman)
Abu Hamza al-Ansari  †[25]
(Hög ledare)
Mahmoud Shukri al-Nuaimi  †[26]
(alias Sheikh Faris; befälhavare)
Falah al-Rashidi  †[27]
(ISIS-ledare för fordonssjälvmordsbomb)
Abu Turq  †
(ISIS-finanshandledare)
Abu Abdulrahman  †[28]
(ISIS-bödel)
Abbas Suleiman Ismail AlHaider  †[29]
(alias Abu Aesha; ISIS-rekryterare)
Abu Dur al-Tunsi[30]
(Militär befälhavare; deserterad)
Bilal al-Shawash[30]
(Militär befälhavare; deserterad)
Abu Bakr el Sheshani  †[31]
(ISIS-militärämbetsman i Ninawa)
Abu Fatma el Tounsi  †[31]
(ISIS-finansämbetsman i Ninawa)
Abu Maha  †
(ISIS-ämbetsman för underrättelsefrågor)
Salah Hassan el Sakalawi (alias Dr. Abdullah)  †[31]
(ISIS hälsominister)
Abu Hassan el Homosi  †[31]
(ISIS-emir för hälsa i Wilayat al Sham)
Styrka
Irak 54 000–60 000 irakiska soldater[32][33]
14 000 paramilitärer[32]

Irakiska Kurdistan 40 000 Peshmerga-soldater[32]
Totalt: 108 500–114 000 stridande[34]
Understöd:
450 CJTF–OIR-militärer[35]

4 500–12 000 militanta
(1 000 utlänningar)[36][37][38]
Förluster
Irak Irakiska Kurdistan 1 000–2 000 döda (16 oktober–30 november.; enligt FN)[39][40]
Irak 500 döda, 3,000 sårade (16 oktober.–16 januari.; enligt USA)[41]
Irak 500 döda (19 februari.–6 mars; enligt Irak)[42]

USA 1 död[43]
Iran 2 döda[44]
Irak Irakiska Kurdistan 7 030 döda
(enligt ISIS)[45]

2 000+ döda eller sårade
(enligt USA)[46]
3 000–4 700+ döda (enligt Irak)[47][48][49]
1 000+ civila döda (oktober-november)[39]
254,880+ flyktingar[50][51]

Slaget om Mosul (arabiska: معركة الموصل; sorani: شەڕی مووسڵ) var en militär offensiv i norra Irak, som började hösten 2016 och som avslutades i juli 2017. Den leddes av irakiska regeringsstyrkor och allierade miliser, Irakiska Kurdistan samt internationella styrkor, med målet att återta staden Mosul och omgivande delar av Ninawaprovinsen från Islamiska staten (ISIS).[52] Offensiven bär kodnamnet "We are Coming, Nineveh" (engelska för "Vi kommer, Nineve; (قادمون يا نينوى; Qadimun Ya Naynawa),[53][54] och inleddes den 16 oktober med att stridskrafter började belägra IS-kontrollerade områden i Ninawaprovinsen.[55]

Betydelse

Slaget om Mosul bedömdes vara en avgörande del i den internationella kampen mot IS, som erövrade staden i juni 2014.[56] De inblandade stridskrafterna mot IS beräknades vara tio gånger fler än de försvarande IS-styrkorna, och den militära offensiven var det största fälttåget i Irak sedan invasionen av Irak 2003.[57]

Förlopp

Den militära operationen hade föregåtts av militära offensiver 2015 och 2016, med mindre framgångar. Uppemot 1,5 miljoner civila bor i staden, vilket höjt farhågor om risken för en större humanitär kris.[58] En bit in i offensiven kom också rapporter om att IS börjat utnyttja delar av stadsbefolkningen som mänskliga sköldar (en form av gisslan) i försvaret av staden, vilket ledde till omfattande fördömande från människorättsorganisationer och FN:s säkerhetsråd.[59]

Offensiven inleddes med att irakiska trupper och peshmerga-enheter attackerade IS på tre fronter (norr, öster och söder) runtom Mosul. Mer än 120 orter och byar erövrades från IS under de två första veckornas strider. Morgonen den 1 november trängde enheter ur Iraks säkerhetsstyrkor in i östliga förorter via fronten i öster.[60]

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från engelskspråkiga Wikipedia, 5 november 2016.

Noter

  1. ^ ”Iraqi forces secure eastern Mosul from Islamic State”. USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/01/24/iraqi-forces-secure-eastern-mosul-islamic-state/96997934/. Läst 24 januari 2017. 
  2. ^ Tomson, Chris (31 oktober 2016). ”Iraqi troops rush through ISIS territory southwest of Mosul, liberate 11 villages - AMN - Al-Masdar News - المصدر نيوز”. almasdarnews.com. https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/iraqi-troops-rush-isis-territory-southwest-mosul-liberate-10-villages/. Läst 22 mars 2017.  Arkiverad 26 oktober 2017 hämtat från the Wayback Machine. ”Arkiverade kopian”. Arkiverad från originalet den 26 oktober 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171026055655/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/iraqi-troops-rush-isis-territory-southwest-mosul-liberate-10-villages/. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  3. ^ ”Mosul offensive: Federal Police forces liberate 61 villages and 1400 square kilometers”. iraqinews.com. 30 oktober 2016. http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/mosul-offensive-federal-police-forces-liberate-61-villages-1400-square-kilometers/. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  4. ^ ”Battle for Mosul intensifies as Shiite militias join fray”. usatoday.com. http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/10/30/battle-mosul-intensifies-shiite-militias-join-fray/93017632/. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  5. ^ ”Joint Forces Continue to Advance, Liberating More Areas in Mosul”. Joint Forces Continue to Advance, Liberating More Areas in Mosul. BasNews. http://www.basnews.com/index.php/en/news/iraq/315744. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  6. ^ [a b c] ”Mosul offensive: forces launch mass attack on Iraqi city in bid to oust Isis”. Mosul offensive: forces launch mass attack on Iraqi city in bid to oust Isis. The Guardian. 17 oktober 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/17/iraqi-forces-begin-assault-on-isis-stronghold-mosul. 
  7. ^ ”Canadian troops supporting Kurds in fight to free Mosul from ISIS”. CBC News. 17 oktober 2016. http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/harjit-sajjan-supporting-troops-iraq-1.3809333. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  8. ^ ”Australia to have role in battle for Mosul”. Sky News Australia. 17 oktober 2016. Arkiverad från originalet den 18 oktober 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161018205626/http://www.skynews.com.au/news/top-stories/2016/10/17/australia-to-have-role-in-battle-for-mosul.html. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  9. ^ ”Germany 'will take part in the battle for Mosul'”. Al-Araby Al-Jadeed (The New Arab). https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2016/9/24/germany-will-take-part-in-the-battle-for-mosul. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  10. ^ ”Battle for Mosul: Turkey confirms military involvement”. Al Jazeera. 23 oktober 2016. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/battle-mosul-turkey-confirms-military-involvement-161023144053661.html. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  11. ^ ”What role is Iran playing in the Mosul offensive?”. Christian Science Monitor. 29 oktober 2016. http://www.csmonitor.com/layout/set/amphtml/World/Middle-East/2016/1029/What-role-is-Iran-playing-in-the-Mosul-offensive. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  12. ^ [a b] David Daoud (5 november 2016). ”Hezbollah fighters train Iraqi Shiite militants near Mosul”. Hezbollah fighters train Iraqi Shiite militants near Mosul. The Long War Journal. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/11/hezbollah-fighters-train-iraqi-shiite-militants-near-mosul.php. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  13. ^ [a b] ”تحرير الموصل.. جيش النقشبندية ينفي اشتباك البشمركة مع "داعش"” (på arabiska). تحرير الموصل.. جيش النقشبندية ينفي اشتباك البشمركة مع "داعش". https://www.albawabhnews.com/2168253.  Arkiverad 26 december 2018 hämtat från the Wayback Machine.
  14. ^ Muhannad al-Ghazi (25 oktober 2016). ”Anti-IS troops are gaining ground on multiple fronts in Iraq”. Al-Monitor. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/mosul-operation-iraq-nineveh.html. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  15. ^ ”Iraqi airstrike kills ISIS Media Minister in Mosul”. Iraqi airstrike kills ISIS Media Minister in Mosul. http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/iraqi-airstrike-kills-isis-media-minister-mosul/. 
  16. ^ ”ISIL Oil Minister Killed in Iraqi Forces' Offensive Near Mosul”. ISIL Oil Minister Killed in Iraqi Forces' Offensive Near Mosul. http://en.alalam.ir/news/1893173. 
  17. ^ ”Unknown individuals attack house of IS leader in Mosul”. Iraqi News. http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/unknown-individuals-attack-house-leader-mosul/. 
  18. ^ ”Daesh governor of Mosul, other leaders killed”. Daesh governor of Mosul, other leaders killed. Press TV. 16 februari 2017. http://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2017/02/16/510796/Iraqi-airstrikes-Mosul-Daesh-militants-USled-coalition-drone-attack. 
  19. ^ ”ISIS leader among militants killed in Mosul district”. ISIS leader among militants killed in Mosul district. http://rudaw.net/mobile/english/middleeast/iraq/201120165. 
  20. ^ ”Baghdadi appoints teacher as Islamic State’s new Emir in Tal Afar”. Iraqi News. 29 december 2016. http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/baghdadi-appoints-new-emir-tal-afar/. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  21. ^ ”Airstrike kills senior ISIS leader killed in Tel al-Sheer village, Nineveh”. Iraqi News. 20 oktober 2016. http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/airstrike-kills-senior-isis-leader-killed-tel-al-sheer-village-nineveh/. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  22. ^ ”Report: ISIS 'Rambo' killed in battle south of Mosul”. Jerusalem Post. 27 oktober 2016. http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Report-ISIS-Rambo-killed-in-battle-south-of-Mosul-471023/. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  23. ^ ”Turkish and Kurdish soldiers join forces to gain advantage in Mosul push”. Turkish and Kurdish soldiers join forces to gain advantage in Mosul push. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/23/mosul-offensive-turkish-and-kurdish-forces-launch-attacks-on-isis. 
  24. ^ ”Senior ISIS official killed in al-Shallalat district of Mosul”. Iraqi News. 1 november 2016. http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/senior-isis-official-killed-west-coast-mosul/. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  25. ^ ”ISIS leader reported dead in Mosul; Kurdish official says residents rising up”. Rudaw Media Network. 6 november 2016. http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/061120168. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  26. ^ McKirdy, Euan; Tawfeeq, Mohammed; Formanek, Ingrid (11 november 2016). ”Sources: Top ISIS commander killed in Mosul”. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/10/middleeast/iraq-mosul-offensive/. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  27. ^ ”U.S.-Led Coalition Airstrikes Eliminate Key ISIL Leaders in Syria, Iraq”. U.S.-Led Coalition Airstrikes Eliminate Key ISIL Leaders in Syria, Iraq. Us Department of Defense. https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1041949/us-led-coalition-airstrikes-eliminate-key-isil-leaders-in-syria-iraq. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  28. ^ ”Islamic State’s "women executioner" assassinated in western Mosul”. Iraqi News. http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/islamic-states-women-executioner-assassinated-western-mosul/. 
  29. ^ ”Islamic State foreigners recruiter killed in airstrike in western Mosul”. Islamic State foreigners recruiter killed in airstrike in western Mosul. Iraqi News. 23 januari 2017. http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/islamic-state-foreigners-recruiter-killed-airstrike-western-mosul/. 
  30. ^ [a b] ”Prominent Tunisian jihadists defect from ISIS in Mosul”. ARA News. 15 december 2016. Arkiverad från originalet den 22 december 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161222075123/http://aranews.net/2016/12/prominent-tunisian-jihadists-defect-isis-mosul/. 
  31. ^ [a b c d] ”ISIS Health Minister, Other Leaders Killed in Mosul”. ISIS Health Minister, Other Leaders Killed in Mosul. IFP News. 20 februari 2017. Arkiverad från originalet den 22 februari 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170222231834/https://ifpnews.com/news/world/middle-east/2017/02/isis-health-minister-other-leaders-killed-in-mosul/. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  32. ^ [a b c] Walsh, Nick Paton; Blau, Max; Park, Madison; McLaughlin, Eliott C. (17 oktober 2016). ”Battle for Mosul: Iraqi forces inflict 'heavy losses'”. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/17/middleeast/mosul-isis-operation-begins-iraq/index.html. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  33. ^ ”PressTV-LIVE UPDATE: Final push to retake Mosul”. presstv.com. http://www.presstv.com/Detail/2016/10/17/489433/Iraq-Mosul-five-villages. Läst 22 mars 2017.  Arkiverad 26 december 2018 hämtat från the Wayback Machine. ”Arkiverade kopian”. Arkiverad från originalet den 26 december 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181226080431/http://www.presstv.com/Detail/2016/10/17/489433/Iraq-Mosul-five-villages. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  34. ^ Hume, Tim (25 oktober 2016). ”Battle for Mosul: How ISIS is fighting to keep its Iraqi stronghold”. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/24/middleeast/iraq-mosul-isis-tactics/. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  35. ^ ”Iraq launches offensive on ISIL in Anbar province”. Iraq launches offensive on ISIL in Anbar province. The National. http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/iraq-launches-offensive-on-isil-in-anbar-province. 
  36. ^ ”Irak : l'opération pour reprendre Mossoul des mains de l'EI est lancée” (på franska). Le Monde. 17 oktober 2016. http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2016/10/17/irak-debut-de-l-operation-pour-reprendre-mossoul-des-mains-de-l-ei_5014713_3218.html. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  37. ^ Analyst, Peter Bergen, CNN National Security. ”ISIS leaders may flee Mosul as their ranks are decimated”. cnn.com. http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/26/world/will-isis-leaders-escape-mosul-bergen/index.html. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  38. ^ ”Over 12,000 ISIS militants fighting for Mosul”. Aranews. 27 juni 2016. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 maj 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170516043248/http://aranews.net/2016/06/12000-isis-militants-fighting-mosul/.  Arkiverad 16 maj 2017 hämtat från the Wayback Machine.
  39. ^ [a b] months, UN. ”Thousands killed since Iraq launched Mosul assault”. Thousands killed since Iraq launched Mosul assault. http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iraq-suffers-thousands-killed-first-month-mosul-assault-139276442. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  40. ^ Roblin, Sebastien A. (2 januari 2017). ”Baghdad Doesn’t Want You to Know How Many of Its Soldiers Are Dying”. Warisboring.com (United States). https://medium.com/war-is-boring/baghdad-doesnt-want-you-to-know-how-many-of-its-soldiers-are-dying-f46adacb463c. Läst 22 mars 2017. ”On Dec. 1, 2016, the United Nations Assistance Mission to Iraq reported that 1,959 Iraqi Security Forces troops had died in combat during the month of November, including army, police on combat operations, Kurdish Peshmerga and other allied militias.” 
  41. ^ ”Iraqi Army Ahead of Schedule in Fight For West Mosul, U.S. Officials Say”. Iraqi Army Ahead of Schedule in Fight For West Mosul, U.S. Officials Say. https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/02/23/iraqi-army-ahead-of-schedule-in-fight-for-west-mosul-u-s-officials-say/. 
  42. ^ Iraqi forces retake bridge, neighborhoods, surround gov’t buildings in west Mosul
  43. ^ ”First US Service Member Killed In Mosul Offensive”. Military.com. 20 oktober 2016. http://www.military.com/daily-news/2016/10/20/us-service-member-killed-in-bomb-blast-in-iraq.html. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  44. ^ ”Iranian sniper embedded in Iraqi militia killed near Mosul - FDD's Long War Journal”. Iranian sniper embedded in Iraqi militia killed near Mosul - FDD's Long War Journal. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/03/iranian-sniper-embedded-in-iraqi-militia-killed-near-mosul.php. 
  45. ^ n. ”Mosul Ops: 7,000 Iraq troops killed by Daesh”. Mosul Ops: 7,000 Iraq troops killed by Daesh. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170223-mosul-ops-7000-iraq-troops-killed-by-daesh/. 
  46. ^ ”US says 2,000 IS fighters killed, gravely wounded in Mosul”. Yahoo News. https://www.yahoo.com/news/us-defense-secretary-arrives-iraq-assess-mosul-fight-062837721.html. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  47. ^ Islamic State leader Baghdadi abandons Mosul fight to field commanders, U.S. and Iraqi sources say
  48. ^ ”Car bombs Target Civilians in Mosul; 25 Killed in Iraq”. Car bombs Target Civilians in Mosul; 25 Killed in Iraq. Antiwar.com. http://original.antiwar.com/updates/2016/12/17/car-bombs-target-civilians-mosul-25-killed-iraq/. 
  49. ^ Around 700 ISIS militants killed since operation in west Mosul, army
  50. ^ ”Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM)”. International Organisation For Migration. Arkiverad från originalet den 26 juni 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170626032316/http://iraqdtm.iom.int/EmergencyTracking.aspx. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  51. ^ ”Mosul Iraq Situation Flash Update”. Mosul Iraq Situation Flash Update. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 6 november 2016. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20161106%20UNHCR%20Iraq%20Flash%20Update.pdf. Läst 22 mars 2017. 
  52. ^ Dunford, Daniel (15 oktober 2016). ”Battle for Mosul: UN prepares for aftermath 'chaos'” (på engelska). BBC News. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37643228. Läst 5 november 2016. 
  53. ^ ”العبادي يطلق على عمليات تحرير نينوى تسمية "قادمون يا نينوى" أمن” (på arabiska). Al Sumaria. 17 oktober 2016. http://www.alsumaria.tv/news/182977/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A/ar. Läst 5 november 2016. 
  54. ^ Winter, Charlie (20 oktober 2016). ”How ISIS Is Spinning the Mosul Battle” (på engelska). The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/10/isis-mosul-propaganda-iraq-kurds-peshmerga/504854/. Läst 5 november 2016. 
  55. ^ ”Battle for Mosul: Iraq and Kurdish troops make gains” (på engelska). BBC News. 17 oktober 2016. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37679325. Läst 5 november 2016. 
  56. ^ Yan, Holly; Muaddi, Nadeem (17 oktober 2016). ”Why the battle for Mosul matters in the fight against ISIS” (på engelska). CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/17/middleeast/battle-for-mosul/. Läst 5 november 2016. 
  57. ^ ”What is the battle for Mosul? Everything you need to know about the fight to liberate Isil's last bastion of power in Iraq” (på engelska). The Daily Telegraph. 17 oktober 2016. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/17/what-is-the-battle-for-mosul-isils-last-bastion-of-power-in-iraq/. Läst 5 november 2016. 
  58. ^ ”Battle for Mosul sparks fears of humanitarian crisis” (på engelska). Times LIVE. Agence France Press. 17 oktober 2016. http://www.timeslive.co.za/world/2016/10/17/Battle-for-Mosul-sparks-fears-of-humanitarian-crisis. Läst 5 november 2016. 
  59. ^ ”The Latest: UN alarmed at Islamic State using human shields” (på engelska). Associated Press. 2 november 2016. http://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2016-11-02/the-latest-aid-agency-mosul-civilians-face-grave-danger. Läst 5 november 2016. 
  60. ^ ”Iraqi Troops Launch Ground Assault On Eastern Neighborhood Of Mosul”. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 1 november 2016. http://www.rferl.org/a/mosul-iraq-attack-assault-/28087932.html. Läst 5 november 2016. 

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‎ Ḥizb al-Baʿth al-ʿArabī al-Ishtirākī)
Flag of Islamic State of Iraq.svg

Variant of the jihadist black flag. This particular version is used by the "Islamic State of Iraq" and by al-Shabaab in Somalia. It shows the shahada in an arrangement that includes the image of the historical "seal of Muhammad" (more precisely, the "seal" design is based on a 1980s facsimile of Ottoman era copies of letters written and sealed by Muhammad, in which the copyists had manually inked the seal impression; the jihadist flags seen in press photographs do not show the seal as circular but in a slightly irregular shape that faithfully mimicks one particular such specimen; see w:seal of Muhammad for details).

Also note that the representation of this seal formerly uploaded to commons but since deleted is merely a graphist's "fictionalisation" of what the seal might have looked like; the actual artefact on exhibit as the "seal of Muhammad" in Istanbul is rectangular)
Seal of Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve.svg
A vector version of the insignia of the Operation Inherent Resolve task force