Rymdtoalett
En rymdtoalett, eller nollgravitationstoalett, är en toalett för användning i miljöer med mikrogravitation eller i tyngdlöshet. I brist på gravitationskrafter används luftflöden för att samla in flytande och fast avfall (urin respektive avföring). Eftersom den luft som används till detta måste återföras till kabinen filtreras denna från bakterier och odör. Vätskeavfall skickas ut i rymden eller återanvänds efter rening, medan fast toalettavfall komprimeras och tas sedan om hand tillsammans med övrigt avfall.
Space Shuttle Waste Collection System
Toaletten ombord USA:s rymdfärjor Space Shuttle kallas Waste Collection System (avfallsinsamlingssystem), eller WCS. Förutom luftflödet för insamling använder WCS roterande fläktar för att distribuera fast avfall till förvaring under resan. Det fasta avfallet transporteras i en cylinder och torkas genom att utsätta avfallet för vakuum.[1][2] Flytande avfall släpps ut i rymden. Under rymdfärjeuppdraget STS-46 blev besättningsmedlemmen Claude Nicollier tvungen att utföra en reparation på färjans toalett, då en av fläktarna hade gått sönder.
Andra rymdfarkoster
Ombord på internationella rymdstationen ISS finns en toalett med sugkraftsdriven samlande funktion liknande rymdskyttelns WCS. Flytande avfall samlas i behållare om 20 liter och fast avfall samlas i mikroperforerade påsar i en aluminiumbehållare.[4] De fulla behållarna flyttas sedan till de obemannade rymdfarkosterna Progress som i sin tur brinner upp i återinträdet till jordatmosfären. Rymdstationen Mirs toalett använde ett liknande system.[5]
Rymdfarkosten Sojuz (och tidigare Apollo) kräver att toaletter finns ombord på grund av uppdragens längd, men astronauterna genomgår tarmsköljning och speciell diet innan uppskjutning för att minska behovet att lämna avföring. Toaletten ombord Sojuz har använts på en returfärd från Mir.[5]
Se även
Källor
- ^ Mellette, Robert (3 juni 1987). ”Space Shuttle Science”. Curriculum Unit 87.06.03. Arkiverad från originalet den 24 december 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20061224192620/http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1987/6/87.06.03.x.html. Läst 21 december 2006.
- ^ NASA (7 april 2002). ”HSF - The Shuttle - Waste Collection System”. Arkiverad från originalet den 18 september 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070918173934/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/shutref/orbiter/eclss/wcs.html. Läst 21 december 2006.
- ^ NASA (15 november 2001). ”Configuration Changes and Certification Status - Shuttle Urine Pre-treat Assembly”. STS-108 Flight Readiness Review. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 mars 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070316024605/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/news/columbia/frr/sts-108/12_vehicle.pdf. Läst 28 december 2006.
- ^ Lu, Ed (8 september 2003). ”HSF - International Space Station - "Greetings Earthling"”. Arkiverad från originalet den 11 september 2012. https://www.webcitation.org/6AatiXzNh?url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp7/luletters/lu_letter9.html. Läst 21 december 2006.
- ^ [a b] Shuttleworth, Mark (9 februari 2002). ”Toilet Training”. First African in Space. http://www.firstafricaninspace.com/home/mission/logs/1/20020209.shtml. Läst 28 december 2006.
Externa länkar
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The CoE and EU are distinct in membership and nature. The CoE is a 47-member international organisation dealing with human rights and rule of law, while the EU is a quasi-federal union of 27 states focused on economic integration and political cooperation. Today, the flag is mostly associated with the latter.
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Orbiter Team Status Report for STS-108, diagram from page 38 of PDF. Part of documentation from Columbia accident board.
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For more information about MAVEN, visit www.nasa.gov/maven.STS-46 European Space Agency (ESA) Mission Specialist (MS) Claude Nicollier, wearing goggles, face mask, and rubber gloves, reviews inflight maintenance (IFM) checklist procedures before starting waste collection system (WCS) fan separator repair. One of two fan separators used to transfer waste water from the waste management compartment (WMC) to the waste water tank has failed. The suspected accumulation of water in the separator was believed to have occurred during a test dumping of waste water at a lower than normal pressure to evaluate the performance of new nozzles. The WMC is located on the middeck of Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104.