Nürnbergkonventionen

Nürnbergkonventionen eller hellre Nürnbergkodexen innehåller principer som ska följas vid experiment som involverar människor. Ingen stat har gjort den till lag, och det är inte en konvention i vanlig mening. Kodexen togs fram i anslutning till Nürnbergrättegångarna och Läkarrättegången där mot bland andra Karl Brandt. De tio punkterna i konventionen är:[1]

  1. Individens frivilliga samtycke är absolut nödvändigt. Detta innebär att individen ska ha laglig kapacitet att ge sitt samtycke, ska därmed ha rätten att använda sig av sitt fria val utan några som helst påtryckningar, vilseledning eller andra former av påverkan; individen ska ha tillräcklig kunskap och förståelse i sakfrågan för att kunna ge sitt informerade samtycke. Detta innebär att individen ska ha tillgång till all känd kunskap och kända risker som det kan medföra att delta i experimentet. Ansvaret för att deltagarens samtycke är informerat och fullgott vilar på den som initierar experimentet.[a]
  2. Experimentet skall ge resultat av nytta för samhället och vara noga planerat.[b]
  3. Experimentet skall baseras på resultaten av experiment på djur och på etablerad medicinsk kunskap.[c]
  4. Experimentet skall vara upplagt för att förhindra onödiga fysiska och mentala plågor och skador.[d]
  5. Inga experiment skall utföras om anledning finns att tro att död eller skador som ger men för livet kan inträffa.[e]
  6. Riskerna får aldrig vara större än den potentiella nyttan för mänskligheten[f]
  7. Noggranna förberedelser skall vara gjorda för att undvika även osannolika risker.[g]
  8. Experimentet skall genomföras av endast vetenskapligt kvalificerade personer.[h]
  9. Under utförandet av experimentet skall individen ha möjlighet avbryta experimentet.[i]
  10. Experimentledaren måste avbryta experimentet omedelbart om risker för försökspersonens hälsa föreligger[j]

Se även

Referenser

Anmärkningar

  1. ^ "1. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion; and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision. This latter element requires that before the acceptance of an affirmative decision by the experimental subject there should be made known to him the nature, duration, and purpose of the experiment; the method and means by which it is to be conducted; all inconveniences and hazards reasonably to be expected; and the effects upon his health or person which may possibly come from his participation in the experiment. The duty and responsibility for ascertaining the quality of the consent rests upon each individual who initiates, directs or engages in the experiment. It is a personal duty and responsibility which may not be delegated to another with impunity."
  2. ^ "2. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature."
  3. ^ "3. The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment."
  4. ^ "4. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury."
  5. ^ "5. No experiment should be conducted where there is an a priori reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur; except, perhaps, in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subjects."
  6. ^ "6. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment."
  7. ^ "7. Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities provided to protect the experimental subject against even remote possibilities of injury, disability, or death."
  8. ^ "8. The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. The highest degree of skill and care should be required through all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the experiment."
  9. ^ "9. During the course of the experiment the human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end if he has reached the physical or mental state where continuation of the experiment seems to him to be impossible."
  10. ^ "10. During the course of the experiment the scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage, if he has probably cause to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill and careful judgment required of him that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject."

Noter

  1. ^ ”Nuremberg Code — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum”. www.ushmm.org. https://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/special-focus/doctors-trial/nuremberg-code. Läst 27 december 2021.