Massakern i Odessa
(c) I, Dennis Nilsson, CC BY 3.0
Massakern i Odessa var en omfattande massaker som ägde rum i Odessa och dess omgivningar den 22–24 oktober 1941. Mellan 25 000 och 35 000 judar mördades under tre dagar.[1][2]
Före andra världskriget tillhörde Odessa Ukrainska SSR, och var den stad i Sovjetunionen som hade störst antal judiska invånare. I augusti 1941, två månader efter inledandet av Operation Barbarossa, Tysklands anfall mot Sovjetunionen, belägrades Odessa av rumänska trupper. Staden kapitulerade i början av oktober och kom att ingå i Guvernementet Transnistrien (rumänska Guvernământul Transnistriei), som administrerades av Rumänien med Gheorghe Alexianu som guvernör.[3]
Den 22 oktober 1941 detonerade en kraftig bomb i det rumänska militära högkvarteret; 67 personer dödades, bland andra den rumänske kommendanten. Skulden för bombattentatet lades på judarna och bolsjevikerna och den rumänska vedergällningen inleddes samma dag. Omkring 19 000 judar fördes den 23 oktober till Odessas hamnområde och arkebuserades.[4] Kropparna övergöts med bensin och brändes.[5] Följande dag sköts ytterligare omkring 16 000 judar ihjäl i utkanten av Odessa.[4]
Referenser
Noter
- ^ ”The Massacres in Transnistria” (på engelska). The Romanian Jewish Community. Arkiverad från originalet den 2 februari 2013. https://www.webcitation.org/6E8hC8mn9?url=http://www.romanianjewish.org/en/cap5.html. Läst 2 februari 2013.
- ^ Beevor 2012, s. 249.
- ^ Levy 2005, s. 619.
- ^ [a b] Browning & Matthäus 2004, s. 293.
- ^ Hilberg 1985, s. 307.
Tryckta källor
- Beevor, Antony (2012). Andra världskriget. Lund: Historiska Media. ISBN 978-91-86297-99-2
- Browning, Christopher R.; Matthäus, Jürgen (2004) (på engelska). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 - March 1942. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-01227-0
- Hilberg, Raul (1985) (på engelska). The Destruction of the European Jews. New York: Holmes & Meier. ISBN 0-8419-0832-X
- Ioanid, Radu (2000) (på engelska). The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944. Chicago, Illinois: Ivan R. Dee. Libris 6366867. ISBN 1-56663-256-0
- Levy, Richard S. (2005) (på engelska). Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution. Vol. 2, L-Z. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. Libris 10129789. ISBN 1-85109-439-3
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Media som används på denna webbplats
WW2-Holocaust-Ukraine.PNG
(c) I, Dennis Nilsson, CC BY 3.0
Map of the Holocaust in Ukraine during World War II, 1939-1945.
This map shows all extermination camps (or death camps), most major concentration camps, labor camps, prison camps, ghettos, major deportation routes and major massacre sites.
Notes:
1. Extermination camps were dedicated death camps, but all camps and ghettos took a toll of many, many lives.
2. Concentration camps include labor camps, prison camps & transit camps.
3. Not all camps & ghettos are shown.
4. Borders are at the height of Axis domination (1942).
5. Some regions have German designations (e.g. "Ostland"), with the present country name denoted in uppercase letters in parenthesis below the German designation (e.g. "(AUSTRIA)").
6. Present (2007) borders are dotted.
(c) I, Dennis Nilsson, CC BY 3.0
Map of the Holocaust in Ukraine during World War II, 1939-1945.
This map shows all extermination camps (or death camps), most major concentration camps, labor camps, prison camps, ghettos, major deportation routes and major massacre sites.
Notes:
1. Extermination camps were dedicated death camps, but all camps and ghettos took a toll of many, many lives.
2. Concentration camps include labor camps, prison camps & transit camps.
3. Not all camps & ghettos are shown.
4. Borders are at the height of Axis domination (1942).
5. Some regions have German designations (e.g. "Ostland"), with the present country name denoted in uppercase letters in parenthesis below the German designation (e.g. "(AUSTRIA)").
6. Present (2007) borders are dotted.
După trecerea unui convoi între Birzula și Grozdovca.jpg
Jewish Romanian deportees, murdered by their Romanian escorts in Transnistria; one of several massacres carried out during the “Holocaust by bullets” phase of extermination behind the Eastern Front. Per the original caption, this particular crime was perpetrated "between Brizula (Bârzula, Byrzula) and Grozdovca", that is just outside Podilsk, in modern Ukraine. This particular killing is also detailed by Carp on page 259 of his book, who attributes the random shootings within one convoy to a Romanian Army Sub-officer named Tarca; according to Carp’s notes on the same page, this was the first-ever convoy of Bessarabian Jews to reach Transnistria, having been made to walk the distance from the concentration camp of Vertiujeni. Information regarding decimation during this march also feature in the Final Report, English-language 2004 Polirom edition, p. 139.
Jewish Romanian deportees, murdered by their Romanian escorts in Transnistria; one of several massacres carried out during the “Holocaust by bullets” phase of extermination behind the Eastern Front. Per the original caption, this particular crime was perpetrated "between Brizula (Bârzula, Byrzula) and Grozdovca", that is just outside Podilsk, in modern Ukraine. This particular killing is also detailed by Carp on page 259 of his book, who attributes the random shootings within one convoy to a Romanian Army Sub-officer named Tarca; according to Carp’s notes on the same page, this was the first-ever convoy of Bessarabian Jews to reach Transnistria, having been made to walk the distance from the concentration camp of Vertiujeni. Information regarding decimation during this march also feature in the Final Report, English-language 2004 Polirom edition, p. 139.