Grundämnenas hårdhet
Detta är en lista över grundämnenas hårdhet.
Z | T | Grundämne | Mohs hårdhet | Vickers hårdhet (MPa)[1] | Brinells hårdhet (MPa)[1] | Brinells hårdhet (MPa)[a][2] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | H | Väte | ||||
2 | He | Helium | ||||
3 | Li | Litium | 0,6 | 5 | ||
4 | Be | Beryllium | 5,5 | 1670 | 590–1320 | |
5 | B | Bor | 9,5 | 4900 | ||
6 | C | Kol (grafit) | 1,5 | |||
6 | C | Kol (diamant) | 10 | |||
7 | N | Kväve | ||||
8 | O | Syre | ||||
9 | F | Fluor | ||||
10 | Ne | Neon | ||||
11 | Na | Natrium | 0,5 | 0,69 | ||
12 | Mg | Magnesium | 2,5 | 260 | 44 | |
13 | Al | Aluminium | 3 | 160–350 | 160–550 | 184 (glödgad) |
14 | Si | Kisel | 6,5 | |||
15 | P | Fosfor | ||||
16 | S | Svavel | 2 | |||
17 | Cl | Klor | ||||
18 | Ar | Argon | ||||
19 | K | Kalium | 0,4 | 0,363 | ||
20 | Ca | Kalcium | 1,5 | 170 | 416 | |
21 | Sc | Skandium | 736–1200 | |||
22 | Ti | Titan | 6 | 830–3420 | 716–2770 | 1028 (glödgad) |
23 | V | Vanadin | 7 | 628–640 | 600–628 | 742 (glödgad) |
24 | Cr | Krom | 8,5 | 1060 | 687-6500 | 688 (glödgad) |
25 | Mn | Mangan | 6 | 196 | ||
26 | Fe | Järn | 4 | 608 | 200-1180 | |
27 | Co | Kobolt | 5 | 1043 | 470–3000 | 1291 (glödgad) |
28 | Ni | Nickel | 4 | 638 | 667–1600 | 900–1200 (glödgad) |
29 | Cu | Koppar | 3 | 343–369 | 235–878 | 520 |
30 | Zn | Zink | 2,5 | 327–412 | 480–520 | |
31 | Ga | Gallium | 1,5 | 56,8–68,7 | ||
32 | Ge | Germanium | 6 | |||
33 | As | Arsenik | 3,5 | 1440 | ||
34 | Se | Selen | 2 | 736 | ||
35 | Br | Brom | ||||
36 | Kr | Krypton | ||||
37 | Rb | Rubidium | 0,3 | 0,216 | ||
38 | Sr | Strontium | 1,5 | |||
39 | Y | Yttrium | 200–589 | |||
40 | Zr | Zirkonium | 5 | 820–1800 | 638–1880 | 333 |
41 | Nb | Niob | 6 | 870–1320 | 735–2450 | 735 (glödgad) |
42 | Mo | Molybden | 5,5 | 1400–2740 | 1370–2500 | 1340 |
43 | Tc | Teknetium | ||||
44 | Ru | Rutenium | 6,5 | 2160 | 1795 (glödgad) | |
45 | Rh | Rodium | 6 | 1100–8000 | 980–1350 | 540 (glödgad) |
46 | Pd | Palladium | 5 | 400–600 | 320–610 | 310 |
47 | Ag | Silver | 2,5 | 250 | 245–250 | 206 (glödgad) |
48 | Cd | Kadmium | 2 | 203–220 | 196 | |
49 | In | Indium | 1 | 8,83-10 | 9,8 | |
50 | Sn | Tenn | 1,5 | 51–75 | 292–441 | |
51 | Sb | Antimon | 3 | 294–384 | ||
52 | Te | Tellur | 2 | 180–270 | ||
53 | I | Jod | ||||
54 | Xe | Xenon | ||||
55 | Cs | Cesium | 0,2 | 0,147 | ||
56 | Ba | Barium | 1 | |||
57 | La | Lantan | 2,5 | 360–1750 | 350–400 | |
58 | Ce | Cerium | 2,5 | 210–470 | 186–412 | |
59 | Pr | Praseodym | 250–746 | 250–638 | ||
60 | Nd | Neodym | 343–746 | 265–700 | ||
61 | Pm | Prometium | 617,8 | |||
62 | Sm | Samarium | 412–441 | 441–600 | ||
63 | Eu | Europium | 167–200 | |||
64 | Gd | Gadolinium | 510–950 | |||
65 | Tb | Terbium | 450–863 | 677–1200 | ||
66 | Dy | Dysprosium | 412–550 | 500–1050 | ||
67 | Ho | Holmium | 412–600 | 500–1250 | ||
68 | Er | Erbium | 432–700 | 600–1070 | ||
69 | Tm | Tulium | 470–650 | 471–900 | ||
70 | Yb | Ytterbium | 206–250 | 343–441 | ||
71 | Lu | Lutetium | 755–1160 | 893–1300 | ||
72 | Hf | Hafnium | 5,5 | 1520–2060 | 1450–2100 | |
73 | Ta | Tantal | 6,5 | 873–1200 | 441-3430 | 441–1224 (glödgad) |
74 | W | Volfram | 7,5 | 3430–4600 | 2000–4000 | 1960–2450 (glödgad) |
75 | Re | Rhenium | 7 | 1350-7850 | 1320–2500 | |
76 | Os | Osmium | 7 | 3920–4000 | 3487 | |
77 | Ir | Iridium | 6,5 | 1760–2200 | 1670 | 2120 |
78 | Pt | Platina | 3,5 | 400–549 | 310–500 | 299 (glödgad) |
79 | Au | Guld | 2,5 | 188–216 | 188–245 | 189 |
80 | Hg | Kvicksilver | ||||
81 | Tl | Tallium | 1 | 26,5–44,7 | ||
82 | Pb | Bly | 1,5 | 38–50 | 37,5–41,8 | |
83 | Bi | Vismut | 2,5 | 70–94,2 | 70 | |
84 | Po | Polonium | ||||
85 | At | Astat | ||||
86 | Rn | Radon | ||||
87 | Fr | Francium | ||||
88 | Ra | Radium | ||||
89 | Ac | Aktinium | ||||
90 | Th | Torium | 3 | 294–687 | 390–1500 | |
91 | Pa | Protaktinium | ||||
92 | U | Uran | 6 | 1960–2500 | 2350–3850 |
Kommentarer
- ^ Hårdheten kan variera med flera 100 % beroende på hur materialet har bearbetats, se t.ex. Angelo Basile; Fausto Gallucci (2011). Membranes for Membrane Reactors: Preparation, Optimization and Selection. John Wiley & Sons. sid. 30–. ISBN 978-0-470-74652-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=x2OlbK7ELKoC&pg=PA30-IA43
Källor
- ^ [a b] G.V. Samsonov, red (1968). ”Mechanical Properties of the Elements”. Handbook of the physicochemical properties of the elements. IFI-Plenum. doi: . ISBN 978-1-4684-6066-7. http://ihtik.lib.ru/2011.08_ihtik_nauka-tehnika/2011.08_ihtik_nauka-tehnika_3560.rar. Läst 22 februari 2016 Arkiverad 2 april 2015 hämtat från the Wayback Machine.
- ^ John Harris; Walter Benenson; Horst Stöcker (2002). Handbook of physics. Springer. sid. 240. ISBN 978-0-387-95269-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=c60mCxGRMR8C&pg=PA240
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