Gamba

För andra betydelser, se Gamba (olika betydelser).
Kvinna som spelar viola da gamba av Gabriel Metsu, 1663
Viola da gamba av olika storlekar

Gamba, även viola da gamba eller bara viol (av italienska viola[1] och gamba, 'ben'[2]), är en familj stråkinstrument. Den är inte ursprunget till dagens fiolfamilj och ska inte förväxlas med dess medlem violan. Det enda av dagens stråkinstrument som är besläktat med gamban är kontrabas.

Bakgrund

Gamba utvecklades under 1400-talet ur de äldre fiddla och rebec. Instrumentet fanns runt år 1500 i diskant-, tenor och basformer, och under 1500-talet utvecklades ytterligare en diskant- (pardessus de viole) och en basvariant (violone).[2] De olika gambainstrumenten var vanliga särskilt under 1500-, 1600- och 1700-talen och fanns i flera storlekar och stämda på olika sätt.

Särprägel

Gamban skiljer sig från dagens fiol bland annat genom sin bredare greppbräda och sina starkt sluttande "axlar". Den har dessutom fler strängar, greppband, flat botten och oftast C-formade ljudhål. Namnet viola da gamba syftar på att gamban inte hölls under hakan, som dagens fioler, utan mellan benen, vaderna (italienska: gamba). Jämför med viola da braccio som hölls med armarna (italienska braccio = arm), ett namn som finns kvar i tyskans Bratsche för altfiol, varav norskans bratsj.

Kända musiker

Kända gambaspelare är till exempel Jordi Savall, Sara Cunningham, Bengt Ericson, Sergei Istomin, Hille Perl, Markku Luolajan-Mikkola och Cécile Schott.

Orgelstämma

Gamba, även Viola da gamba, är också en orgelstämma av typen labialstämma (läppstämma).

Ljudexempel

Referenser

Media som används på denna webbplats

Leonora Duarte (1610-1678) - Sinfonia à5, No.7, Oxford, Christ College, Mus.Ms.429.ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Leonora Duarte (1610-1678) - Sinfonia à5, No.7, Oxford, Christ College, Mus.Ms.429
Carl Friedrich Abel (1723- 1787) - Allegro, WKO 205 from 27 Pieces for Unaccompanied Viola da Gamba.ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillip W. Serna, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Performed by Dr. Phillip W. Serna on August 16, 2010, in Duesenberg Recital Hall, Valparaiso University Center for the Arts, Valparaiso, IN. Recorded, remixed & remastered August, 2019 at Dwarf Star Audio, Plainfield, IL. Based in the Chicago area, Dr. Serna works to bring the early western string instrument family known as the viola da gamba into many area schools – demonstrating solo literature from the Renaissance, Baroque and early Classical periods for treble viol, tenor viol, bass viol & violone. For more information, visit http://www.thegambacast.org/ & http://www.violsinourschools.org/.
Christoph Schaffrath (1709-1763) - Duetto in D-Minor for 2 Violas da Gamba.ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Dr. Phillip W. Serna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Performed by Viol Medium (Eric Miller & Philllip W. Serna) February 3, 2019 at Emmanuel Episcopal Church of La Grange part of ViolMedium's program Façades & Duplicities - Beguiling Curiosities & Excursions for Dueling Gambas, Copyright © 2019 ViolMedium.
Thomas Lupo (1571-1628) - Fantasia à3 in d, VdGS No.26 for 3 Bass Viols.ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Fantasia à3 in d, VdGS No.26 for 3 Bass Viols
John Dowland (1563-1626) - M. George Whitehead His Almand, Lachrimae, No.21 for Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols with Great Bass Violone in G 1604.ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
"M. George Whitehead His Almand", Lachrimae, No. 21 for Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols with Great Bass Violone in G 1604
Picforth - In Nomine à5 for Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols (c.1578).ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Picforth (fl​.​1580's) - In Nomine à5, British Library Add. MS 31390 (c​.​1578)
Michael East (ca.1580-1648) - Both alike, Fancy à2, No.3 from the Seventh Set of Bookes (1638).ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Michael East (ca.1580-1648) - Both alike, Fancy à2, No.3 from the Seventh Set of Bookes (1638)
William Lawes (1602-1645) - Aire à4, VdGS No.112, Oxford. Bodleian Library, Mus.Sch.b.2, p.33 (ca.1638-45).ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
William Lawes (1602-1645) - Aire à4, VdGS No.112, Oxford. Bodleian Library, Mus.Sch.b.2, p.33 (ca.1638-45)
Orlando Gibbons (bap.1583-1625) - Fantasia à3 No.3 (1620).ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Recorded, mixed & mastered September-Orctober 2020 at Dwarf Star Audio, Plainfield, IL for the CD release "Size Matt’reth Not - The Compleat Fantazias for 2 Treble Viols & the 3 & 4-part Consorts for the 'Great Dooble Base' by Orlando Gibbons (bap.1583-1625).
Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767) - Concerto for Recorder and Viola da Gamba, TWV 52a1.ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
New Comma Baroque - Matthew C. Cataldi, Baroque violin, Peter Lekx, Baroque violin & viola, Laura Osterlund, recorder, Phillip W. Serna, bass viol, Joel Spears, theorbo & Emily Jane Katayama, harpsichord from the program Telemann's Travels: The Eclecticism, Diversity, and Virtuosity of Telemann. Recorded June 2, 2013 at Grace Lutheran Church, River Forest, IL.
Thomas Tomkins (1572-1656) - A Sad Paven à5 for These Distracted Tymes, MB53 (1649).ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
A Sad Paven à5 for These Distracted Tymes, MB53 (1649)
John Jenkins (1592-1678) - Pavan à6 in F, VdGS No.2 (ca.1667).ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
John Jenkins (1592-1678) - Pavan à6 in F, VdGS No.2, Oxford. Bodleian Library, Mus.Sch. c.83, II/2 (ca.1667)
Marin Marais (1656-1728) – Sonnerie de Sainte-Geneviève du Mont de Paris The Bells of St. Genevieve from La Gamme et Autres Morceaux de Symphonie (1723).ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: New Comma Baroque, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Marin Marais (1656–1728) – Sonnerie de Sainte-Geneviève du Mont de Paris [The Bells of St. Genevieve] from La Gamme et Autres Morceaux de Symphonie (1723)

New Comma Baroque – Matthew C. Cataldi, Baroque violin, Phillip W. Serna, viola da gamba & Emily J. Morlan, historical keyboards

from the program Tous les Matins du Monde “All the Mornings of the World” – Music of the French Baroque by Chambonnières, DuBuisson, Leclair & Marais

Recorded March 27th–28th, 2012 at Bethany Lutheran Church, Crystal Lake, IL
Étienne Moulinié (1599–1676) – Fantasia à4, VdGS No.2 for 2 Treble Viols, Tenor & Bass Viols (1639).ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Fantasia à4, VdGS No.2 for 2 Treble Viols, Tenor & Bass Viols (1639)
Metsu viola-de-gamba.jpg
This image is available from the Netherlands Institute for Art History
under digital ID 247275.
Alfonso Ferrabosco the Elder (1543-1588) - Fantasia 'Di Sei Bassi’ NYp, Drexel 4302, p.255, no.45.ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Fantasia 'Di Sei Bassi’ NYp, Drexel 4302, p.255, no.45
John Taverner In Nomine a4 from the Missa Gloria Tibi Trinitas, The Baldwin Partbooks, Oxford. Christ Church.ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
John Taverner (ca​.​1490​-​1545) - In Nomine à4 from the Missa Gloria Tibi Trinitas, The Baldwin Partbooks, Oxford. Christ Church, Mss​.​979​-​83 (ca​.​1570)
Elway Bevin (ca.1554-1638) - Browning à3 from the Baldwin Partbooks, Christ Church Ms. 979-83 (1570s).ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Elway Bevin (ca.1554-1638) - Browning à3 from the Baldwin Partbooks, Christ Church Ms. 979-83 (1570s)
Diego Ortiz (1510-1570) - Recercada primera sobre tenores italianos from Trattado de Glosas, Libro Secundo (1553).ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Diego Ortiz (1510-1570) - Recercada primera sobre tenores italianos from Trattado de Glosas, Libro Secundo (1553)
Henry Purcell (1659-1695) – In Nomine à6, Z.746 for Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols.ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
In Nomine à6, Z.746 for Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols
John Ward (1571-1638) - Fantasia à6, VdGS No.1 for 2 Treble, 2 Tenor & 2 Bass Viols.ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillipwserna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Fantasia à6, VdGS No.1 for 2 Treble, 2 Tenor & 2 Bass Viols
Captaine Tobias Hume - Tobacco, No.3 The First Part of Ayres - The Musicall Humours1605.ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Dr. Phillip W. Serna, Licens: CC BY 3.0
No. 3 The First Part of Ayres - The Musicall Humours 1605

Performed by Dr. Phillip W. Serna. Based in the Chicago area, Dr. Serna works to bring the early western string instrument family known as the viola da gamba into many area schools – demonstrating solo literature from the Renaissance, Baroque and early Classical periods for treble viol, tenor viol, bass viol & violone.

For more information, visit http://www.thegambacast.org/ & http://www.violsinourschools.org/.
Captaine Tobias Hume (1569 - 1645) - The Spirit of Gambo (The Lord Dewys Favoret) from Captaine Hume’s Poeticall Musicke (1607).ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Phillip W. Serna, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Captaine Tobias Hume (1569–1645) – "The Spirit of Gambo (The Lord Dewys Favoret)" from Captaine Hume's Poeticall Musicke (1607) is performed by Phillip W. Serna and Christopher Burrus from a recital at Valparaiso University and appears here by permission of the performers. Based in the Chicago area, Dr. Serna works to bring the early western string instrument family known as the viola da gamba into many area schools – demonstrating solo literature from the Renaissance, Baroque and early Classical periods for treble viol, tenor viol, bass viol & violone. For more information, visit http://www.thegambacast.org/ & http://www.violsinourschools.org/.
Viola da gamba.png
Diverse typen violas
Orlando Gibbons (bap.1583-1625) - Fantasia à4, No.1 for Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols with Great Bass.oga
Författare/Upphovsman: Dr. Phillip W. Serna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Recorded, mixed & mastered July 23, 2019 at Dwarf Star Audio, Plainfield, IL for the CD release "Size Matt’reth Not - The Compleat Fantazias for 2 Treble Viols & the 3 & 4-part Consorts for the 'Great Dooble Base' by Orlando Gibbons (bap.1583-1625)."
Gottfried Finger (ca.1660-1730) - Intrada in A-Major for 2 Violas da Gamba from the Codex Sünchinger.ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: Dr. Phillip W. Serna, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Performed by Viol Medium (Eric Miller & Philllip W. Serna) February 3, 2019 at Emmanuel Episcopal Church of La Grange part of ViolMedium's program Façades & Duplicities - Beguiling Curiosities & Excursions for Dueling Gambas, Copyright © 2019 ViolMedium.
Marin Marais - Pièces a Une Viole du Premier Livre (1686).ogg
Författare/Upphovsman: New Comma Baroque, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Prelude - Fantaisie - Allemande – Double - Courante – Double - Sarabande - Gigue – Double

New Comma Baroque – Matthew C. Cataldi, Baroque violin, Phillip W. Serna, viola da gamba & Emily J. Morlan, historical keyboards

from the program Tous les Matins du Monde “All the Mornings of the World” – Music of the French Baroque by Chambonnières, DuBuisson, Leclair & Marais

Recorded March 27th-28th, 2012 at Bethany Lutheran Church, Crystal Lake, IL