Fristående federala myndigheter i USA

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Fristående federala myndigheter i USA (engelska: Independent agencies) är de myndigheter som tillhör den verkställande grenen av USA:s federala statsmakt som organisatoriskt inte ingår i något av regeringsdepartementen eller presidentkansliet, utan dess chefer är formellt ansvariga direkt inför presidenten utan att nödvändigtvis ingå i kabinettet.[1] Några kända exempel på federala myndigheter som ingår i den gruppen är rymdstyrelsen NASA och underrättelsetjänsten CIA.

I en snävare bemärkelser så kan det även avse självständiga myndigheter som, även om de formellt ingår i den verkställande grenen, har en regelskapande eller reglerande funktion och i den lag som upprättat myndigheten ger den självständighet eller minskad möjlighet för presidenten att direkt styra verksamheten eller indirekt byta ut dess ledning (antingen genom fasta ämbetstider eller att giltiga skäl måste anges som kan prövas i federal domstol).[2]

Fristående eller självständiga

Fristående federala myndigheter finns i den verkställande grenen utanför regeringsdepartementen och presidentkansliet.[1]

Paperwork Reduction Act från 1980 räknar upp 19 stycken självständiga reglerande myndigheter (engelska: independent regulatory agencies) bland dessa ingår värdepappersinspektionen SEC, centralbanken Federal Reserve System samt insättningsgaranten FDIC. Ministrar, anställda i presidentkansliet och chefer för fristående myndigheter kan avskedas av presidenten när som helst, med eller utan orsak. Chefer eller styrelseledamöter för självständiga reglerande myndigheter kan däremot i regel endast avskedas med giltigt skäl eller inte alls (fastställd ämbetstid).[3][1]

Lista (urval)

Sigill
eller logotyp
NamnFörkortningInrättadFunktion eller syfteNotering
Amtrak
(firma för National Railroad Passenger Corporation)
AMTK1971Fjärrtågstrafik[4]
Central Intelligence AgencyCIA1947Underrättelseverksamhet riktad mot utlandet. Ingår som en betydande del av USA:s underrättelsegemenskap, funktionen som ledare för densamma utövas numera av Office of the Director of National Intelligence. CIA är efterföljare till Office of Strategic Services som var verksamt under andra världskriget.[5]
Commodity Futures Trading CommissionCFTC1975Reglering av derivatinstrument[6]
Consumer Financial Protection BureauCFPB2011Konsumenträtt inom finanssektorn[7]
Election Assistance CommissionEAC2002Information om valadministration och utveckling av poströstning
Environmental Protection AgencyEPA1970Reglering och tillsyn kring miljöskydd[8]
Federal Communications CommissionFCC1934Reglering och ansvarar för etermedier[9]
Federal Election CommissionFEC1975Reglering av kampanjfinansiering för federala val i USA[10]
Federal Energy Regulatory CommissionFERC1977Reglering av el- och energiförsäljning över delstatsgränser och till utlandet. Formellt en del av USA:s energidepartement, men genom lag självständig gentemot presidenten och kongressen inom sitt ansvarsområde[11]
Federal Maritime CommissionFMC1961Reglering av rederi- och hamnverksamhet samt annan utrikeshandel till sjöss[12]
Federal Reserve SystemFed1913USA:s centralbank som styr landets penningpolitik[13]
Federal Retirement Thrift Investment BoardFRTIB1986Administration av pensionssparande för federalt anställda[14]
Federal Trade CommissionFTC1914Upprätthållande av konkurrenslagar[15]
General Services AdministrationGSA1949Förvaltar federala byggnader, ansvar for offentliga anskaffningar och upphandlingar, egendomsförvaltning, tillhandahållande av tjänstefordon, IT-tjänster och annat administrativt stöd[16]
National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA1958Civila rymdstyrelsen samt rymdforskning[17]
National Archives and Records AdministrationNARA1985Federalt nationalarkiv. Administrerar de flesta presidentbiblioteken[18]
National Credit Union AdministrationNCUA1970Tillsyn och reglering av medlemsbanker[19]
National Labor Relations BoardNLRB1935Upprätthållande av arbetsmarknadslagar i förhållande till kollektivavtal och "unfair labor practices" i privat sektor[20]
National Science FoundationNSF1950Federalt stöd till grundforskning inom icke-medicinsk vetenskap[21]
National Transportation Safety BoardNTSB1967Federal haverikommission[22]
Nuclear Regulatory CommissionNRC1975Översyn och reglering av kärnkraftssäkerhet och kärnbränsle. Har sina rötter i Atomic Energy Commission[23]
Office of the Director of National IntelligenceODNI2005Översyn och samordning av USA:s underrättelsegemenskap[24][25]
Postal Regulatory CommissionPRC1970Tillsyn av postverket[26]
Selective Service SystemSSS1917Myndighet som registrerar möjlig militär personal ifall värnplikt skulle återinföras[27]
Small Business AdministrationSBA1953Stöd till entreprenörer och småföretagare[28]
Social Security AdministrationSSA1935Administration av Social Security[29]
Surface Transportation BoardSTB1996Tillsynsmyndighet för järnväg- och vägtransport. Efterföljare till Interstate Commerce Commission[30]
Tennessee Valley AuthorityTVA1933Skapades under depressionen för att stimulera ekonomisk utveckling i dalen kring Tennesseefloden[31]
U.S. Consumer Product Safety CommissionCPSC1972Tillsyn kring produktsäkerhet för konsumentvaror[32]
United States International Trade CommissionITC1916Oberoende analys i handelsfrågor och upprätthållande av en lista på tullavgifter[33]
United States Office of Special CounselOSC1979Utredningar och skydd för visselblåsare[34]
U.S. Securities and Exchange CommissionSEC1934Tillsyn över handel med värdepapper[35]
United States Postal ServiceUSPS1971Postverket[36]

Verksamheter utanför den verkställande grenen

Även om organisationern nedan inte är en del av den verkställande grenen så de påbjudna enligt federal lag att rapportera om sina förehavanden i Federal Register:

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från engelskspråkiga Wikipedia, Independent agencies of the United States government, tidigare version.

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Breger, Marshall J.; Edles, Gary J. (2015). Independent Agencies in the United States: Law, Structure, and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199812127. https://books.google.com/books?id=EbblBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 
  2. ^ Pierce, Richard; Shapiro, Sidney A.; Verkuil, Paul (5th ed. 2009), Administrative Law and Process, Section 4.4.1b, p. 101, Foundation Press ISBN 1-59941-425-2
  3. ^ Copeland CW. (2013). Economic Analysis and Independent Regulatory Agencies. Administrative Conference of the United States. See more at Benefit-Cost Analysis at Independent Regulatory Agencies.
  4. ^ Amtrak Company Profile (FY 2018). Amtrak. 2019-03-01. https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/nationalfactsheets/Amtrak-Corporate-Profile-FY2018-0319.pdf. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  5. ^ ”Central Intelligence Agency” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216232855/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=VSLfQ4vlJ2o=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  6. ^ ”Commodity Futures Trading Commission” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 9 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210209043110/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=AZ3TVs3MXh4=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  7. ^ ”Consumer Financial Protection Bureau” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216223416/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=N8PooRrDouc=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  8. ^ ”Environmental Protection Agency” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 21 april 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421005253/https://usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=nd3GrN5%2FDeY%3D&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o%3D&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY%3D. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  9. ^ ”Federal Communications Commission” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 21 april 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421005312/https://usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=FQ4F+Rmz1%2FI%3D&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o%3D&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY%3D. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  10. ^ ”Federal Election Commission” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216233321/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=aOvyZZ9sCj0=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  11. ^ ”Federal Energy Regulatory Commission” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 21 april 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421022817/https://usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=RC6YbKk4c9g%3D&ParentEId=VhQd5NF2+Kg%3D&EType=%2FsbLHImeIYk%3D. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  12. ^ ”Federal Maritime Commission” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 9 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210209043149/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=EuB3OZFQzjo=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  13. ^ ”Federal Reserve System” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216231947/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=GPArVS+1pBo=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  14. ^ ”Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 9 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210209042152/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=AS+RdWOA6oU=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  15. ^ ”Federal Trade Commission” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216231213/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=COjTKcMuGi4%3D&ParentEId=%20klubNxgV0o%3D&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY%3D. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  16. ^ ”General Services Administration” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=zuauD0QNPBY=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  17. ^ ”National Aeronautics and Space Administration” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 21 april 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421005406/https://usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=Nh9JB2b4q%2FI%3D&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o%3D&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY%3D. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  18. ^ ”National Archives and Records Administration” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 9 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210209042423/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=S8zJJ7OvwnI=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  19. ^ ”National Credit Union Administration” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216233211/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=tMjykRJITN8=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  20. ^ ”National Labor Relations Board” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 21 april 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421005440/https://usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=%2FVxWylsCAac%3D&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o%3D&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY%3D. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  21. ^ ”National Science Foundation” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=xsrop8x14cs=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  22. ^ ”National Transportation Safety Board” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 15 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210215023616/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=I0LeX9xNnXE=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  23. ^ ”Nuclear Regulatory Commission” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216230223/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=rA7E931Qv7U=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  24. ^ ”ODNI FACTSHEET” (på engelska). Office of the Director of National Intelligence. 2017. https://www.odni.gov/files/documents/FACTSHEET_ODNI_History_and_Background_2_24-17.pdf. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  25. ^ ”Office of the Director of National Intelligence” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=7fHYZTZiyJk=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  26. ^ ”Postal Regulatory Commission” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 21 april 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421005544/https://usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=8+Z%2FXicEbpg%3D&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o%3D&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY%3D. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  27. ^ ”Selective Service System” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 9 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210209042421/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=2rrcyovGXaU=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  28. ^ ”Small Business Administration” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=OQSNxHi1ygA=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  29. ^ ”Social Security Administration” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216225643/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=wkkWQUziods=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  30. ^ ”Surface Transportation Board” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 9 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210209045118/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=gQpdDXNqphk=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  31. ^ ”Tennessee Valley Authority” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 9 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210209043151/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=GhacKVjXzfY=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  32. ^ ”Consumer Product Safety Commission” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 14 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210214091603/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=8WTSXAFRIKA=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  33. ^ ”United States International Trade Commission” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216230254/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=yZYgy8v4wqg=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  34. ^ ”United States Office of Special Counsel” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 15 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210215011145/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=S2ONhRCg8Is=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  35. ^ ”Securities and Exchange Commission” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216231509/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=JZfpg7xXgFk=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 
  36. ^ ”United States Postal Service” (på engelska). United States Government Manual. United States Government Publishing Office. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 februari 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216222631/https://www.usgovernmentmanual.gov/Agency?EntityId=RdBoKIf2YBw=&ParentEId=+klubNxgV0o=&EType=jY3M4CTKVHY=. Läst 9 februari 2021. 

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Seal of the United States en:Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The NRC's regulation describes it as:

An American bald eagle (similar to that on the Great Seal of the United States of America) of brown and tan with claws and beak of yellow, behind a shield of red, white, and blue, clutching a cluster of thirteen arrows in its left claw and a green olive branch in its right claw, positioned on a field of white, with the words "United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission" in dark blue encircling the eagle.

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United States Postal Service delivery truck in San Francisco residential area. Location: San Francisco, CA.
Seal of the General Services Administration.svg
The GSA Seal is reserved strictly for legalband ceremonial use. The Star Mark is the primary identifying mark of the agency.
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United States Securities and Exchange Commission
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Seal of the United States Federal Reserve System.

The seal has most of the elements of the Board of Governors seal. A version is printed on all U.S. Federal Reserve Notes redesigned since 1996 (replacing the letter of the bank which printed the note, which was used in earlier designs).
Seal of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.svg
Seal of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
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Seal of the United States Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.

It is described in 18 C.F.R. § 375.103 as:

A circle, the outside border of which shall consist of two concentric circles enclosing the words "Department of Energy" and "Federal Energy Regulatory Commission." Within the inner circle shall appear a stylized eagle with head facing to its right. Its body shall be in the shape of a tapered shield, widest at the top, consisting of nine vertical stripes. The top of the shield contains five equally-spaced light color stars representing the five members of the Commission appointed by the President under Title IV of the DOE Act. Identical stylized wings appear on either side of the shield, each incorporating twenty stylized feathers protruding from a solid color wing-like shape. Below the eagle shall appear five squares, arranged in a horizontal line. Each of these squares shall contain a circle representing an area of the Commission's responsibility. The first square at the left of the line shall include a stylized representation of a pipeline; the second square shall represent a hydroelectric power facility; the third, and center square, shall represent a natural gas flame; the fourth square shall represent a drilling rig; the fifth square shall represent a stylized lightning bolt.

NSF logo.png
The official logo of the National Science Foundation.
NCUA official seal.svg
NCUA official seal, enacted by the 45th President of the United States on December 11, 2017 under FCU Act guidelines.
  • The new design, which symbolizes NCUA’s “safety and soundness” mission, features the eagle and shield from the Great Seal of the United States—a move aimed at making it clear that the regulator is an agency of the federal government. The three blue stars above the eagle represent the three-member NCUA board.
  • Also, the agency’s name in white on a blue background on the crest of the shield matches the federal share insurance sign that all federally insured credit unions are required to display. The circle on the seal includes the agency’s name, as well as the year, 1934, in the lower portion of the circle — reflecting the signing of the Federal Credit Union Act and the creation of the federal credit union system that year.
  • In addition, the oak branch in the eagle’s left talon is symbolic of the NCUA’s “strength, honor, and longevity” in carrying out its mission of “promoting confidence” in the national system of cooperative credit. Finally, the agency said, the olive branch in the right talon is “symbolic of peace and prosperity, which demonstrates the vital role the nation’s credit unions play in fostering economic growth” by providing essential and affordable financial services to millions of Americans.
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Seal for the US Selective Service System
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Seal of the Office of the Special Counsel
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Seal of the U.S. Federal Maritime Commission.
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Seal of the United States National Transportation Safety Board.

The seal is largely based on the Great Seal of the United States. It is described as: an American bald eagle with wings displayed, holding in his dexter (right) talon an olive branch and in his sinister (left) talon, a bundle of 13 arrows; above his head is a scroll inscribed “E Pluribus Unum,” bearing a shield with vertical stripes of alternating white and red, crowned by a field of blue, all within an encircling inscription “National Transportation Safety Board.” When illustrated in color, the background is white. The wings, the body, and the upper portion of the legs of the eagle are shades of brown; the head, neck, and tail are white; the beak, feet, and lower portion of the legs are gold. The inscription on the scroll is black. The encircling inscription is the same shade of gold as the eagle's beak. The arrows and the olive branch are a lighter shade of gold. The red and blue of the shield are national flag red and blue.

For more information, see here and here.
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Color logo of the National Labor Relations Board, an independent agency of the United States federal government.
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The seal of the Postal Regulatory Commission of the United States Government.
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The NASA insignia. Element RGB color values as defined in Encapsulated PostScript file obtained from the Publishing Office of NASA Glenn Research Center.
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Seal of the United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission.

In 17 C.F.R §2.1, the seal is described as:

An American bald eagle in black and white holding the scales of balanced interests over a black and white wheel of commerce and a farmer's plow, also in black and white. These symbols are enclosed with an inner red octagon and a blue outer octagon representing traditional futures contract trading pits. Around the outside of the octagons are the words COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION separated by two stars from the year “1975,” the first year of the Commission's existence.

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Seal of the C.I.A. - Central Intelligence Agency of the United States Government.
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Seal of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. See more information: [1]
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The seal of the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) introduced in 2020, in SVG format
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Official logo of Amtrak
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Seal of the United States National Archives and Records Administration. The seal is described in 36 C.F.R. § 1200.2 as:

  1. The seal is centered on a disc with a double-line border.
  2. The words NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION encircle the inside of the seal and the date 1985 is at the bottom center.
  3. A solid line rendition of a heraldic eagle displayed holding in its left talon 13 arrows, in its right talon a branch of olive, bearing on its breast a representation of the shield of the United States.
  4. Displayed above the eagle's head is a partially unrolled scroll inscribed with the words LITTERA SCRIPTA MANET one above the other.

The Latin phrase translates to "The written word lasts". It is often seen in the phrase Vox audita perit, littera scripta manet (The spoken word perishes, the written word remains), often but incorrectly attributed to Horace. The date 1985 is when the National Archives and Records Administration was created, which returned the National Archives regained to independent agency status (it was independent from 1934 to 1949, and part of GSA from 1949 to 1985).

NARA has two other seals nearly identical to this one; the center design is the same but the inscription and date are different. The first is the seal for the National Archives itself, with the inscription THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE UNITED STATES and a date of 1934. The second is for the Trust Fund Board, with an inscription of NATIONAL ARCHIVES TRUST FUND BOARD and a date of 1941. Examples of both can be seen in 36 C.F.R. § 1200.2.

According to 36 C.F.R. § 1200.4, the NARA seal is used for official agency documents, to authenticate copies of Federal records in NARA's temporary custody and copies of NARA operational records, and for agency informational purposes. The National Archives seal (dated 1934) is used to authenticate copies of documents in NARA's permanent legal custody.
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Seal of the United States Social Security Administration. It appears on Social Security cards.
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The greater coat of arms of the United States of America, as depicted on passports, embassies and the Great Seal.
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Seal of the United States International Trade Commission. (U.S. International Trade Commission, USITC, ITC)