Emir
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Emir (arabiska: امير, amir eller emir, i plural umara, av amara, "befalla"), egentligen "befälhavare", är en titel på en, företrädesvis muslimsk prins, furste eller härskare.
I arabiskan och turkiskan översätts de europeiska titlarna "furste" och "prins" med ordet emir, till exempel emir Bismarck. Ordet förekommer i många hederstitlar, som de äldre kaliferna gav sig själva, som emir el-muminin, "de troendes furste", en titel sultanen av Marocko ansåg sig ensam att få inneha, även om den officiellt endast bars av den osmanske sultanen. Ett land vars statschef bär titeln emir kallas emirat.
Anföraren för kalifens livvakt kallades Amír al-umará, (emirernas emir), och högste befälhavaren till sjöss, amir al-bahr, "havets behärskare", varifrån ordet amiral härstammar. I Osmanska riket förekom "emir" även som hederstitel för Muhammeds talrika, föregivna ättlingar (vilka dock bland osmanerna vanligast, liksom i hela Orienten, benämndes sharifer), men även som ämbetstitel under osmansk tid. I senare fallet förkortas emir vanligen till mir, som i titlarna mir-i-hadj (anförare för pilgrimskaravanerna till Mekka), mir-i-achor (överhovstallmästare), mir-alaj (regementsbefälhavare) och mir-l-alem ("fanvaktare", den ämbetsman som till nyutnämnda vilajetguvernörer överlämnade tecknen på deras myndighet: fana och hästsvansar).
Se även
Källor
- Emir i Nordisk familjebok (andra upplagan, 1907)
Media som används på denna webbplats
Författare/Upphovsman: Tkgd2007, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
A new incarnation of Image:Question_book-3.svg, which was uploaded by user AzaToth. This file is available on the English version of Wikipedia under the filename en:Image:Question book-new.svg
H.H. Amir Shere Ali Khan.
Photograph of Sher Ali (1825-1879) Amir of Afghanistan, 1863–79, the son of Dost Muhammad, taken in 1869 by John Burke, from the album 'The Afghan War, Attock to Jellalabad, Gandamak and Surkhab.' John Burke accompanied the Peshawar Valley Field Force, one of three British Anglo-Indian army columns deployed in the Second Afghan War (1878-80), despite being rejected for the role of official photographer. He financed his trip by advance sales of his photographs 'illustrating the advance from Attock to Jellalabad'. Coming to India as apothecary with the Royal Engineers, Burke turned professional photographer, assisting William Baker. Travelling widely in India, they were the main rivals to the better-known Bourne and Shepherd. Burke's two-year Afghan expedition produced an important visual document of the region where strategies of the Great Game were played out.
The Anglo-Russian rivalry (called the Great Game) precipitated the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Afghanistan was of strategic importance to the British in the defence of their Indian Empire, and the prevention of the spreading influence of Russia. They favoured a Forward Policy of extending India's frontiers to the Hindu Kush and gaining control over Afghanistan. In 1878 Sher Ali, who for the majority of his reign kept good terms with the British, was devastated by the death of his favourite son and his court was in disarray. The British were trying to establish a permanent mission at Kabul which Sher Ali, trying to keep a balance between the Russians and British, would not permit. The arrival of a Russian diplomatic mission in Kabul increased British suspicions of Russian influence and ultimately led to the Second Afghan War. The British undertook a three-pronged drive into Afghanistan, held the Khyber Pass and defeated the Amir's forces. Appointing his son Yakub Khan as regent, Sher Ali fled from his capital to take refuge in Russian Turkestan but died at Mazhar-e-Sharif on 21 February 1879. Yakub had to agree to the Treaty of Gandamak, whereby Afghanistan ceded to the British control of its foreign affairs, and the Khyber and Michni Passes, and allowed British representatives in Kabul and other locations.
This photograph of the Amir actually dates from 1869 from the Ambala Durbar when he first entered into negotiations with the British. Burke reused it as part of the introduction to his Afghan War catalogue.