Landstigningen i Normandie
Landstigningen i Normandie | |||||||||
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Del av Operation Overlord, invasionen av Normandie och västfronten under andra världskriget | |||||||||
Amerikanska soldater vadar i land på Omaha Beach, med hjälp av ett LCVP-fartyg den 6 juni 1944. Fotot, taget av Robert F. Sargent, är sedermera känt som Into the Jaws of Death. | |||||||||
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Stridande | |||||||||
Allierade Storbritannien[1] USA[1] Kanada[1] Fria Frankrike[2] Tjeckoslovakien[3] Polen[2] Norge[2] Danmark[4] Australien[5] Nya Zeeland[5] Kungariket Grekland[6] Nederländerna[7] Belgien[7] | Nazityskland[8] | ||||||||
Befälhavare och ledare | |||||||||
Dwight D. Eisenhower Bernard Montgomery Omar Bradley Trafford Leigh-Mallory Arthur Tedder Miles Dempsey Bertram Ramsay | Gerd von Rundstedt Erwin Rommel Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg Friedrich Dollmann Hans von Salmuth Wilhelm Falley † | ||||||||
Styrka | |||||||||
156 115 man[9] | +50 350 man[10] | ||||||||
Förluster | |||||||||
Totala allierade förluster (döda, skadade, saknade eller tillfångatagna) beräknas till ungefär 10 000. Dessa omfattar:[11][12] USA 6 603, varav 2 499 med dödlig utgång Storbritannien 2 700 Kanada 1 074, varav 359 med dödlig utgång | Uppskattningsvis mellan 4 000 och 9 000 förluster[13] |
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Landstigningen i Normandie, kodnamn Operation Neptune, var etableringen av ett brohuvud under de allierades invasion av Normandie, även känd som Operation Overlord, under andra världskriget. Landstigningarna inleddes tisdagen den 6 juni 1944 (Dagen D), med början klockan 06:30. I planeringen var Dagen D den term som används för dagen för de faktiska landstigningarna, vars datum länge var beroende av slutligt godkännande.
Förlopp
Anfallet genomfördes i två faser: en luftburen attack som landsatte 24 000 brittiska, amerikanska, kanadensiska och fria franska luftburna soldater strax efter midnatt, och en amfibisk landstigning med allierat infanteri och pansardivisioner på Frankrikes kust som började klockan 06.30. Själva landstigningsfasen under Operation Overlord kallades Operation Neptune.
Operationer i avseende som lockbete verkställdes också kodnamn Operation Glimmer och Operation Taxable för att distrahera de tyska styrkorna från den verkliga landningszonen.[14]
Operationen var den största amfibiska invasionen i världshistorien, med över 160 000[15] soldater som landsteg den 6 juni 1944. Omkring 195 700[16] allierade sjömän och personal ur handelsflottan på över 5 000[15] fartyg var inblandade. Invasionen krävde transport av soldater och material från Storbritannien av trupplastade flygplan och fartyg, landstigningsfartygen, flygunderstöd, militära förbud av Engelska kanalen och marint artilleriunderstöd. Landstigningarna ägde rum längs en 80 km lång sträcka av Normandies kust indelad i fem sektorer: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno och Sword.
Se även
- Den längsta dagen (1962), Oscarbelönad filmdramatisering av händelsen
- Rädda menige Ryan (1998), Oscarbelönad filmdramatisering av Omaha Beach med Tom Hanks
Referenser
Noter
- ^ [a b c] Ford & Zaloga 2009, sid. 25.
- ^ [a b c] Beevor 2009, sid. 82.
- ^ Beevor 2009, sid. 492.
- ^ Wenande 2014.
- ^ [a b] Beevor 2009, sid. 76.
- ^ [a b] Williams 1988, sid. x.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, sid. 7.
- ^ Ellis, Allen & Warhurst 2004, sid. 521–533.
- ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009, sid. 60, 63, 118–120.
- ^ ”Frequently Asked Questions for D-Day and the Battle of Normandy (casualties)” (på engelska). Ddaymuseum.co.uk. Arkiverad från originalet den 21 juni 2013. https://www.webcitation.org/6HXB6Mar3?url=http://www.ddaymuseum.co.uk/d-day/d-day-and-the-battle-of-normandy-your-questions-answered#casualties. Läst 6 juni 2009.
- ^ ”The Landings in Normandy — Veterans Affairs Canada” (på engelska). Vac-acc.gc.ca. Arkiverad från originalet den 26 april 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20050426073422/http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=history%2Fsecondwar%2Fcanada2%2Fnormandy. Läst 6 juni 2009.
- ^ ”Arkiverade kopian”. Arkiverad från originalet den 21 juni 2013. https://www.webcitation.org/6HXB6Mar3?url=http://www.ddaymuseum.co.uk/d-day/d-day-and-the-battle-of-normandy-your-questions-answered. Läst 6 juni 2009.
- ^ Hakim, Joy (1995) (på engelska). A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. sid. 157–161. ISBN 0-19-509514-6
- ^ [a b] ”D-Day June 6, 1944” (på engelska). Army.mil. http://www.army.mil/d-day/. Läst 14 maj 2009.
- ^ Ambrose, Stephen E. (1994) (på engelska). D-Day. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80137-X
Tryckta källor
- Ambrose, Stephen (1994) [1993]. D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-67334-5.
- Beevor, Antony (2009). D-Day: The Battle for Normandy. New York; Toronto: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02119-2.
- Bickers, Richard Townshend (1994). Air War Normandy. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 0-85052-412-1.
- Brown, Anthony Cave (2007) [1975]. Bodyguard of Lies: The Extraordinary True Story Behind D-Day. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-1-59921-383-5.
- ”Bruinsburg Crossing (April 30 – May 1)”. Bruinsburg Crossing (April 30 – May 1). National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/vick/historyculture/bruincross.htm.
- Churchill, Winston (1949). Their Finest Hour. The Second World War. "II". Boston; Toronto: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 396145.
- Churchill, Winston (1951) [1948]. Closing the Ring. The Second World War. "V". Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 396150.
- Corta, Henry (1952) (på franska). Les bérets rouges. Paris: Amicale des anciens parachutistes SAS. OCLC 8226637.
- Corta, Henry (1997) (på franska). Qui ose gagne. Vincennes, France: Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre. ISBN 978-2-86323-103-6.
- ”D-Day and the Battle of Normandy: Your Questions Answered”. D-Day and the Battle of Normandy: Your Questions Answered. Portsmouth Museum Services. Arkiverad från originalet den 2011-03-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20110324221956/http://www.ddaymuseum.co.uk/faq.htm. Läst 16 mars 2011.
- Ellis, L.F.; Allen, G.R.G.; Warhurst, A.E. (2004) [1962]. Butler, J.R.M. red. Victory in the West, Volume I: The Battle of Normandy. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. London: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-058-0.
- Escott, Beryl E. (2010). The Heroines of SOE: Britain's Secret Women in France. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5661-4.
- Ford, Ken; Zaloga, Steven J. (2009). Overlord: The D-Day Landings. Oxford; New York: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-424-4.
- Gilbert, Martin (1989). The Second World War: A Complete History. New York: H. Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-1788-5.
- Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V.; Wenger, J. Michael (1994). D-Day: The Story and Photographs. McLean, Virginia: Brassey's. ISBN 0-02-881057-0.
- Holland, James (5 juni 2014). ”D-Day: Exploding the myths of the Normandy landings”. CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/05/opinion/opinion-d-day-myth-reality/.
- Hooton, Edward (1999) [1997]. Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe. London: Arms and Armour. ISBN 1-86019-995-X.
- Horn, Bernd (2010). Men of Steel: Canadian Paratroopers in Normandy, 1944. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55488-708-8.
- Murray, Williamson (1983). Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–45. Washington: Brassey's. ISBN 1-57488-125-6.
- ”Pegasus Bridge: The Bridge of the Longest Day”. Pegasus Bridge: The Bridge of the Longest Day. Mémorial Pegasus D-Day Commemoration Committee. Arkiverad från originalet den 2014-04-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407203611/http://www.memorial-pegasus.org/mmp/pont_benouville/index.php?lang=uk. Läst 30 november 2014.
- Special Operations Research Office, Counter-insurgency Information Analysis Center, United States Army (1965). A Study of Rear Area Security Measures. Washington: American University.
- Staff (5 juni 2014). ”D-Day: In the words of the BBC journalists”. D-Day: In the words of the BBC journalists. BBC News. http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27715250.
- Stanley, Peter (6 juni 2004). ”Australians and D-Day”. Anniversary talks. Australian War Memorial. https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/blog/australians-and-dday-2004.
- US Department of the Navy, Naval History and Heritage Command. ”D-Day, the Normandy Invasion, 6 – 25 June 1944”. Frequently asked questions. Arkiverad från originalet den 3 december 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101203051711/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq109-1.htm.
- Weigley, Russell F. (1981). Eisenhower's Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany 1944–1945. "I". Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-13333-5.
- Weinberg, Gerhard (1995) [1993]. A World At Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55879-2.
- Wenande, Christian (4 juni 2014). ”Denmark finally recognised as D-Day ally”. Copenhagen Post. Ejvind Sandal. Arkiverad från originalet den 15 juni 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140615080844/http://cphpost.dk/news/denmark-finally-recognised-as-d-day-ally.9770.html. Läst 30 november 2014.
- Whitmarsh, Andrew (2009). D-Day in Photographs. Stroud: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5095-7.
- Williams, Jeffery (1988). The Long Left Flank: The Hard Fought Way to the Reich, 1944–1945. Toronto: Stoddart. ISBN 0-7737-2194-0.
- Wilmot, Chester (1997) [1952]. The Struggle For Europe. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 1-85326-677-9.
- Yung, Christopher D. (2006). Gators of Neptune: Naval Amphibious Planning for the Normandy Invasion. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-997-5.
- Zuehlke, Mark (2004). Juno Beach: Canada's D-Day Victory: June 6, 1944. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 1-55365-050-6.
Vidare läsning
- Badsey, Stephen (1990). Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout. Osprey Campaign Series. "1". Botley, Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-0-85045-921-0.
- D'Este, Carlo (1983). Decision in Normandy: The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign. London: William Collins Sons. ISBN 0-00-217056-6.
- Holderfield, Randal J.; Varhola, Michael J. (2001). The Invasion of Normandy, June 6, 1944. Mason City, Iowa: Savas. ISBN 1-882810-45-7.
- Keegan, John (1994). Six Armies in Normandy: From D-Day to the Liberation of Paris. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-023542-6.
- Neillands, Robin (2002). The Battle of Normandy, 1944. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35837-1.
- Ryan, Cornelius (1959). Den längsta dagen. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-20814-4.
- Stacey, C.P. (1946). Canada's Battle in Normandy: The Canadian Army's Share in the Operations, 6 June – 1 September 1944. Ottawa: King's Printer. OCLC 39263107.
- Stacey, C.P. (1960) (PDF). Volume III. The Victory Campaign, The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Ottawa: Department of National Defence. http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/Victory_e.pdf.
- Tute, Warren; Costello, John; Hughes, Terry (1975). D-Day. London: Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-24418-3.
- Whitlock, Flint (2004). The Fighting First: The Untold Story of The Big Red One on D-Day. Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4218-X.
- Zetterling, Niklas (2000). Normandy 1944: German Military Organisation, Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness. Winnipeg: J. J. Fedorowicz. ISBN 0-921991-56-8.
Externa länkar
- The Normandy Invasion på Army Center of Military History
- Neptune Operations Plan hämtat från the Wayback Machine (arkiverat 3 maj 2014).
- Naval details for Overlord på Naval-History.Net
- Documents on D-Day: The Invasion of Normandy på Eisenhower Presidential Center
- Allied veterans remember D-Day
- Naval History and Heritage Command hämtat från the Wayback Machine (arkiverat 3 december 2010).
- Kortfilmen Big Picture: D-Day Convoy to Normandy på Internet Archive
- Complete Broadcast Day: D-Day (6 juni 1944) från CBS Radio News, tillgängligt på Internet Archive
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Media som används på denna webbplats
A LCVP (Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel) from the U.S. Coast Guard-manned USS Samuel Chase disembarks troops of the U.S. Army's First Division on the morning of June 6, 1944 (D-Day) at Omaha Beach.
US Flag with 48 stars. In use for 47 years from July 4, 1912, to July 3, 1959.
The Canadian Red Ensign used between 1921 and 1957.
This image has compared for accuracy (mainly colors) using an image from World Statesmen. The only change is making the maple leaves green from red. This image has compared for accuracy (mainly colors) using an image from World Statesmen. The most recent version of this image has changed the harp into one with a female figure; see [http://flagspot.net/flags/ca-1921.html FOTW
Författare/Upphovsman: Gutten på Hemsen, Licens: CC0
Flag of Norway with colors from the previous version on Commons. This file is used to discuss the colors of the Norwegian flag.
The civil ensign and flag of Belgium. It is identical to Image:Flag of Belgium.svg except that it has a 2:3 ratio, instead of 13:15.
National flag and merchant ensign of Germany from 1935 to 1945.
Flagga av Konungariket Grekiska (1863-1924; 1935-1973).
Flag used by the Free French Forces during the Second World War. (NOTE: The title of the file is a misnomer, this flag was the only official flag that Free France used before becoming the Provisional Government of the French Republic in 1944.)
The Canadian Red Ensign used between 1921 and 1957.
This image has compared for accuracy (mainly colors) using an image from World Statesmen. The only change is making the maple leaves green from red. This image has compared for accuracy (mainly colors) using an image from World Statesmen. The most recent version of this image has changed the harp into one with a female figure; see [http://flagspot.net/flags/ca-1921.html FOTW