1950-talet

1950-talet
74–65 år sedan
År:
19501951195219531954
19551956195719581959
Decennium:
1890-talet 1900-talet1910-talet
1920-talet1930-talet1940-talet
1950-talet1960-talet1970-talet
1980-talet1990-talet
2000-talet
Sekel:
1800-talet 1900-talet2000-talet
Födda och avlidna
FöddaAvlidna
1957 blev Sovjetunionen jordens första stat att skjuta ut rymdfarkoster, och rymdkapplöpningen blev en viktig del av det kalla kriget.
Rockmusiken tog sina första ackord under 1950-talet.

1950-talet, eller i vardagligt tal 50-talet, är ett årtionde inom den kristna tideräkningen mellan 1 januari 1950 och 31 december 1959. Det kalla kriget var i full gång och spänningarna mellan blocken växlade. Inom ungdomskulturen blev rockmusik populärt. I Sverige, som klarat andra världskriget relativt bra genom sin uttalade neutralitet, fick välfärden ett kraftigt uppsving och industrin gick på högvarv med en omfattande export till de krigsdrabbade länderna. Till följd av den goda ekonomin ökade såväl privatbilismen som andra vägtransporter, vilket slog hårt mot äldre infrastruktursystem som järnvägen.

Händelser

I USA möjliggjorde den ökade bilismen och det låga bensinpriset utbredningen av fler villaförorter.
Statsmakterna i många länder satsade mycket pengar på infrastruktur. Här är Norrmalmsregleringen och bygget av Stockholms tunnelbana i Sverige.
Oljepriset var lågt efter andra världskriget, och fram till oljekrisen 1973.
Utökad fritid bland tonåringarna skapade ungdomssubkulturer, som mods.

Större händelser

År 1950

Koreakriget.

År 1951

Europeiska kol- och stålunionen.

År 1952

  • 6 februari – När den brittiske kungen George VI dör blir hans dotter Elizabeth II regerande drottning av Storbritannien.
  • 16 marsDanmark, Island, Norge och Sverige bildar Nordiska rådet vid ett möte i Köpenhamn. Finland väljer till en början att stå utanför för att inte störa sina relationer med Sovjetunionen.
  • 26 maj – De allierade sluter fred med Västtyskland, och ockupationen upphör.
  • 1 juli – I Sverige tillåts mopeden som körkortslöst motorfordon.
  • 22 augusti – I Sveriges största morddrama dödas tio personer i Skåne av Tore Hedin, en avskedad polis som sedan dränker sig själv. Han avskedades för att ha misshandlat sin fästmö då hon ville bryta förlovningen, och mördade sedan henne samt hennes chef och sina egna föräldrar, samt sex personer på ålderdomshemmet i Hurva, som han därefter brände ner. I ett avskedsbrev erkänner han också rånmord på en kvarnägare 1951.

År 1953

År 1954

Algerietrevolten.

År 1955

År 1956

Ungernrevolten.
Suezkrisen.

År 1957

År 1958

Aktuellt började sändas i TV för första gången.
Ikea

År 1959

Kubanska revolutionen.

Trender

  • Bil- och charterturismen slår igenom på allvar i Sverige [3].

Födda

Avlidna

Referenser

Fotnoter

Externa länkar

Media som används på denna webbplats

Ikea almhult.jpg
Författare/Upphovsman: unknown, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
IKEA Headquarters in Älmhult, Sweden
Luis Korda 02.jpg
Fidel Castro and Camilo Cienfuegos in Havana
Old Mods photo.jpg
Författare/Upphovsman: Sergio Calleja (Life is a trip), Licens: CC BY-SA 2.0
Mods a bordo di Lambretta 175 TV 3ª serie del 1962, ampiamente modificata
Suburbia by David Shankbone.jpg
Författare/Upphovsman: David Shankbone , Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Suburban development in a northeastern section of Colorado Springs, Colorado, looking largely eastward. The four-lane highway is Charlotte Parkway; Anna Lee Way joins it at the top center and Jackpot Drive at the far left. At the bottom center is Naturita Trail; the coordinates are for the spot midway between the two culs-de-sac, Malachite Court (near) and Ophir Court (far).
Constructing the Stockholm Metro in 1957.jpg
Tunnelbanebygget i Klara. Kvarteret Gropen, Hägern större och Sporrens östra del är rivna. T.v. går Klarabergsgatan på provisoriskbro och t.h. går Mäster Samuelsgatan på provisoriskbro.
Olle Björklund 1960.jpg
Olle Björklund i studion 1960.
Merger Treaty Ratification Map.svg
Författare/Upphovsman: Original map created by Mfloryan, modified by Nablicus, Licens: CC BY-SA 4.0
Ratificering av fusionsfördraget:
 
Ratifikationsförfarandet avklarat och ratifikationsinstrumenten deponerade
 
Parlamentariskt förfarande avklarat
 
Ratifikationsförfarandet ej avklarat
 
Ratifikationsförfarandet avbrutet
Sputnik asm.jpg
A replica of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite in the world to be put into outer space: the replica is stored in the National Air and Space Museum.
Elvis Presley promoting Jailhouse Rock.jpg
A photograph promoting the film Jailhouse Rock depicts singer Elvis Presley.
Korean war 1950-1953.gif
Författare/Upphovsman: Leomonaci98, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0
Map of Korean war from May 1950 to July 1951, showing:
  •  
    Chinese and communist forces (Soviet Union) (light red)
  •  
    North Korean forces (red)
  •  
    South Korean, US and United Nations forces (green).
Oil Prices Since 1861.svg
Författare/Upphovsman: TomTheHand, Licens: CC BY-SA 3.0

I saw Image:Oil Prices 1861 2006.jpg recently and found it to be very useful. I noticed that it was in JPEG format, and saw that it was based on government sources which are available online, so I decided to recreate it in a lossless image format and update it to 2007. I've been experimenting with SVG lately, so I decided to try that instead of just saving a chart as a PNG. I found that I had to do a good bit of reverse engineering of data, and so I would like to document that here so that this graph can be more easily maintained in the future.

I found that the source quoted by the previous image, this spreadsheet from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), only provides data up to 1999 and uses 1999 dollars. It appears to provide conversions to real 1999 dollars using the United States Consumer Price Index (CPI), available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics here.

I studied the EIA web site further and noted that the author of the previous image brought the above spreadsheet up to date using the latest Brent Spot prices, available on this spreadsheet, also from the EIA. The update to 2006 dollars also appears to use the CPI.

I used the newest version of the above Brent Spot spreadsheet to get prices up to 2007, and converted to 2007 dollars using the latest CPI data.

I have thought about how to incorporate 2008 data, but haven't decided how to do it yet. The chart currently uses yearly averages; since 2008's not over yet, we don't have an average price for this year. I have to integrate it in a way that doesn't hurt the accuracy of the graph.

I have put further thought into how the EIA's 1861–1999 spreadsheet is constructed, with the intention of possibly improving it. I am not a commodities broker, nor am I an oil man, but I have a few thoughts:

  1. Data from 1861–1944 is available on this page of annual average US domestic crude oil first purchase prices from 1859–2007. The chart leaves off 1859–1860 data. I am not sure why, but I imagine it's because it's disproportionately expensive: $16.00 in 1859 and $9.59 1860, both in the currency of the day, ridiculously expensive in today's money. 1859 was the year oil drilling began in the United States, in Titusville, Pennsylvania, and so I imagine it took a couple of years for prices to get down to realistic levels. Prices from the first couple of years of production are probably meaningless.
  2. Data from 1945–1985 is said to be the price for "Arabian Light posted at Ras Tanura". I don't see anywhere else on the EIA web site where that data is found.
  3. Data from 1986 and up is said to be the yearly average Brent Spot. Brent Spot prices are found elsewhere on the EIA web site, but the earliest price (from this spreadsheet) is from May 20, 1987. I am not sure why they don't have prices going back to 1986.
  4. I think the spreadsheet converts to 1999 dollars using the United States Consumer Price Index for 1913 and up. When I convert to 1999 dollars using the CPI myself, I get numbers extremely close to the spreadsheet. It's close enough that I think either some decimal places got dropped somewhere or some earlier CPIs might have been reevaluated in the years since 1999.
    However, the CPI is not available from the BLS for years before 1912. I'm not sure where the spreadsheet got its 1861–1912 conversions. In 1975 the United States Census Bureau published Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, available here. It includes their best guesses at CPIs starting in 1800, but when I tried to use them my numbers were way off. Yes, I took into account that the book sets CPI=100 at 1967. They must have gotten their data from someplace else. Another possibility is the Historical Statistics of the United States Millenial Edition, here. Being a good 30 years newer, it may have drastically different data based on more accurate research. I would have to pay for access, though.

I am not a big fan of how the graph is a composite of three different sources. It sort of seems like an apples and oranges comparison to me. The 1861–1944 data is domestic crude oil first purchase price. The EIA defines "first purchase" this way:

An equity (not custody) transaction involving an arms-length transfer of ownership of crude oil associated with the physical removal of the crude oil from a property (lease) for the first time. A first purchase normally occurs at the time and place of ownership transfer where the crude oil volume sold is measured and recorded on a run ticket or other similar physical evidence of purchase. The reported cost is the actual amount paid by the purchaser, allowing for any adjustments (deductions or premiums) passed on to the producer or royalty owner.

The data from 1945–1985 is, as far as I understand, the price you would have paid for a barrel of light crude if you had dropped anchor at Ras Tanura and said "Load it up!". The price from 1986–present is the price you would have paid if you had gone into the International Petroleum Exchange in London flapping your arms around and shouting (or, starting in 2005, put a message to IntercontinentalExchange into a series of tubes).

These all seems subtly different to me. I think it would be better if the entire chart relied on the same source. Oil was not extracted in large quantities in the Middle East until the mid-20th century, and was first drilled in the North Sea in the 1970s, but the EIA has US domestic oil prices from 1859 all the way to today. It has month-by-month prices from 1974. Because the prices are for oil right at the field, they are lower than the market prices we're used to hearing, but they are still real prices and are from a consistent source. I am considering making a version of this graph that uses US domestic first purchase prices exclusively, and uses monthly data from 1974 onward so that we can go all the way to last month instead of waiting for the yearly average.

I made a graph that shows monthly Brent spot prices, which is available here. It provides a detailed, recent history. I plan to make some more graphs in the future.
Tanks Destroyed Sinai.jpg
Damaged tank and vehicles, Sinai War, 1956.
1956flag.jpg
(c) en:User:Ian Pitchford at the English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0
A flag from the 1956 Hungarian Revolution on the memorial to the victims located outside the Hungarian Parliament Building
Algerian war collage wikipedia.jpg
Collage made by me using screenshots from two Public Domain videos. Collage description: (first row) Muslim rebels army ALN; French Army M8 Greyhound patrol; French settlers take up arms after the August 1955 Constantinois massacres. (second row) Charles de Gaulle's famous speech of June 4 1958 "je vous ai compris"; French settlers with banners saying "De Gaulles to power" in Algiers May 13 1958; Muslim veterans gathered in Algiers' Government Building in 1958. (third row) Barricades week French settlers uprising in January 1960; French settler FAF rioters throw stones to French Army M8 Greyhound armoured cars; French Army soldier use metal detector to check if muslim women wearing niqab are bomb-couriers. (fourth row) FLN muslim rebels riot in Algiers's European quarter in December 10 1960; French Army national guard Gardes Mobiles use tear gaz riot gun; FLN muslim supporters face to face with French paratroopers during the December 10 1960 protest.

First video (all screenshots except one) is "French President Charles De Gaulle and the Six-Year War" (1960) https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.649319. Public Domain Algerian War documentary. National Archives and Records Administration. National Security Council. Central Intelligence Agency. (09/18/1947 - 12/04/1981). ARC Identifier 649319 / Local Identifier 263.1923. This movie is part of the collection FedFlix https://archive.org/details/FedFlix

Second video (up-right corner screenshot only) is "Rebellion Spreads in North Africa" (1955) https://archive.org/details/1955-08-25_Flood_Relief .Universal Newsreels. In 1976, the films' owner, MCA, made the unusual decision to turn over ownership of all of the newsreels to the National Archives. Public Domain educative material presented as a public service and freely available in www.archive.net